Editing Maned wolf (section)

==Taxonomy==
Although the maned wolf displays many fox-like characteristics, it is not closely related to [[fox]]es. It lacks the elliptical [[pupils]] found distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the [[canid]] family makes it a unique animal.

[[Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids|Electrophoretic]] studies did not link ''Chrysocyon'' with any of the other living canids studied. One conclusion of this study is that the maned wolf is the only species among the large South American canids that survived the late [[Pleistocene extinction]]. Fossils of the maned wolf from the [[Holocene]] and the [[late Pleistocene]] have been excavated from the [[Brazilian Highlands]].<ref name=adw>{{cite web |title=Chrysocyon brachyurus - Maned wolf |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chrysocyon_brachyurus.html}}</ref>

A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the [[Falkland Islands wolf]] and with pseudo-foxes of the genus ''[[Pseudalopex]]''.<ref name=lyras>{{cite journal |last1=Lyras |first1=G. A. |last2=Van der Geer |first2=A. A. E.|year=2003 |title=External brain anatomy of the Canidae |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00067.x |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=505–522|doi-access=free }}</ref> One study based on [[DNA]] evidence <!-- published in 2009, --> showed that the [[extinct]] genus ''[[Dusicyon]]'', comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the most closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that about seven million years ago it shared a common ancestor with that genus.<ref name=austin>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=J. J. |last2=Soubrier |first2=J. |last3=Prevosti |first3=F. J. |last4=Prates |first4=L. |last5=Trejo |first5=V. |last6=Mena |first6=F. |last7=Cooper |first7=A. |year=2013 |title=The origins of the enigmatic Falkland Islands wolf |journal=Nature Communications |doi=10.1038/ncomms2570 |pmid=23462995 |volume=4 |pages=1552|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.1552A |doi-access=free |hdl=2440/74885 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2015 study reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed by contraction that took place during [[Pleistocene]] [[interglacial|interglaciations]] about 24,000 years before present.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=González|first1=S.|last2=Cosse|first2=M.|last3=del Rosario Franco|first3=M.|last4=Emmons|first4=L.|last5=Vynne|first5=C.|last6=Duarte|first6=J. M. B.|first7=M. D.|last7=Beccacesi|first8=J. E.|last8=Maldonado|year=2015|title=Population Structure of mtDNA Variation due to Pleistocene Fluctuations in the South American Maned Wolf (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'', Illiger, 1815): Management Units for Conservation|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=106|issue=S1|pages=459–468|doi=10.1093/jhered/esv043|pmid=26245781|doi-access=free|hdl=11449/160714|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The maned wolf is not closely related to canids found outside South America. It is not a fox, wolf, [[coyote]] or [[jackal]], but a distinct canid; though, based only on morphological similarities, it previously had been placed in the ''[[Canis]]'' and ''[[Vulpes]]'' genera.<ref name=os19 /> Its closest living relative is the [[bush dog]] (genus ''[[Speothos]]''), and it has a more distant relationship to other South American canines (the [[short-eared dog]], the [[crab-eating fox]], and the zorros or ''[[Lycalopex]]'').<ref name="lindblad-toh2005">{{cite journal |last1=Lindblad-Toh |first1=Kerstin |last2=Wade |first2=Claire M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=Tarjei S. |last4=Karlsson |first4=Elinor K. |last5=Jaffe |first5=David B. |last6=Kamal |first6=Michael |last7=Clamp |first7=Michele |last8=Chang |first8=Jean L. |last9=Kulbokas III |first9=Edward J. |last10=Zody |first10=Michael C. |last11=Mauceli |first11=Evan |author12=Xiaohui Xie |last13=Breen |first13=Matthew |last14=Wayne |first14=Robert K. |last15=Ostrander |first15=Elaine A. |last16=Ponting |first16=Chris P. |last17=Galibert |first17=Francis |last18=Smith |first18=Douglas R. |last19=deJong |first19=Pieter J. |last20=Kirkness |first20=Ewen |last21=Alvarez |first21=Pablo |last22=Biagi |first22=Tara |last23=Brockman |first23=William |last24=Butler |first24=Jonathan |last25=Chin |first25=Chee-Wye |last26=Cook |first26=April |last27=Cuff |first27=James |last28=Daly |first28=Mark J. |last29=DeCaprio |first29=David |last30=Gnerre |first30=Sante |last31=Grabherr |first31=Manfred |last32=Kellis |first32=Manolis |last33=Kleber |first33=Michael |last34=Bardeleben |first34=Carolyne |last35=Goodstadt |first35=Leo |last36=Heger |first36=Andreas |last37=Hitte |first37=Christophe |last38=Kim |first38=Lisa |last39=Koepfli |first39=Klaus-Peter |last40=Parker |first40=Heidi G. |last41=Pollinger |first41=John P. |last42=Searle |first42=Stephen M. J. |last43=Sutter |first43=Nathan B. |last44=Thomas |first44=Rachael |last45=Webber |first45=Caleb |last46=Baldwin |first46=Jennifer |date=2005 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |issue=7069|bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L |display-authors=6|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Clade |style=font-size:80%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Cerdocyonina]]
 |1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
   |1=''[[Speothos venaticus]]'' ([[bush dog]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIII).jpg|50 px]]
   |2={{clade
      |1='''''Chrysocyon brachyurus'' (maned wolf)''' [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VII).jpg|50 px]]<ref name="lindblad-toh2005"/>{{rp|at=Fig. 10}}
      |2=†''[[Dusicyon australis]]'' ([[Falkland Islands wolf]])[[File:Dusicyon australis (white background).jpg|50 px]]}}
      }}
   |2={{Clade
    |1={{Clade
     |1={{Clade
      |label1=''[[Lycalopex]]''
      |1={{Clade
       |1=''[[Lycalopex vetulus]]'' ([[hoary fox]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXI).png|50 px]]
       |2={{Clade
        |1=''[[Lycalopex fulvipes]]'' ([[Darwin's fox]]) [[File:The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Pl. 6) white background.jpg|50 px]]
        |2={{Clade
         |1={{Clade
          |1=''[[Lycalopex griseus]]'' ([[South American gray fox]] or chilla) [[File:Erläuterungen zur Fauna Brasiliens - enthaltend Abbildungen und ausführliche Beschreibungen neuer oder ungenügend bekannter Thier-Arten.pdf (Lycalopex griseus).jpg|50 px]]
          |2=''[[Lycalopex gymnocercus]]'' ([[pampas fox]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVII).png|50 px]]
          }}
         |2={{Clade
          |1=''[[Lycalopex culpaeus]]'' ([[culpeo]] or Andean fox) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIV).png|50 px]]
          |2=''[[Lycalopex sechurae]]'' ([[Sechuran fox]] or Peruvian desert fox)
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
       |2=''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'' ([[crab-eating fox]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XV).png|50 px]]
       }}
       |2=''[[Atelocynus microtis]]'' ([[short-eared dog]]) [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVI).png|50 px]]
       }}
      }}
     }}
}}