Editing Manfred Eigen (section)

==Career and research==
Eigen received his Ph.D. at the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1951 under supervision of [[Arnold Eucken]].<ref name=mathgene/> In 1964 he presented the results of his research at a meeting of the [[Faraday Society]] in London. His findings demonstrated for the first time that it was possible to determine the rates of chemical reactions that occurred during time intervals as brief as a nanosecond.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Beginning in 1953 Eigen worked at the [[Max Planck Institute]] for Physical Chemistry in [[Göttingen]], becoming its director in 1964 and joining it with the Max Planck Institute for Spectroscopy to become the [[Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry]]. He was an honorary professor of the [[Braunschweig University of Technology]]. From 1982 to 1993, Eigen was president of the [[German National Merit Foundation]]. Eigen was a member of the Board of Sponsors of ''The [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''.<ref>{{Citation|pmid=3300804|publication-date=9 May 1987|date=1987|title=List of publications by Manfred Eigen|volume=26|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=103–8|doi=10.1016/0301-4622(87)80014-5}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|pmid=3300803|publication-date=9 May 1987|year=1987|title=Curriculum vitae of Manfred Eigen|volume=26|issue=2–3|periodical=Biophys. Chem.|pages=102|doi=10.1016/0301-4622(87)80013-3}}</ref>

In 1967, Eigen was awarded, along with [[Ronald George Wreyford Norrish]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dainton|first1=F.|last2=Thrush|first2=B. A.|title=Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. 9 November 1897-7 June 1978|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=27|year=1981|pages=379–424|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1981.0016|s2cid=72584163|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[George Porter]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=G. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=D.|title=George Porter KT OM, Lord Porter of Luddenham. 6 December 1920 – 31 August 2002: Elected F.R.S. 1960|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=50|year=2004|pages=257–283|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2004.0017|doi-access=free}}</ref> the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. They were cited for their studies of extremely fast [[chemical reaction]]s induced in response to very short [[Pulse (physics)|pulse]]s of [[energy]].

In addition, Eigen's name is linked with the theory of [[quasispecies]], the [[error threshold]], [[error catastrophe]], [[Eigen's paradox]], and the chemical [[hypercycle (chemistry)|hypercycle]], the cyclic linkage of reaction cycles as an explanation for the [[self-organization]] of [[origin of life|prebiotic systems]], which he described with [[Peter Schuster]] in 1977.<ref>Eigen & Schuster (1977) [https://unterlagen.site/document/eigen1977naturwissenschaften64.html The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organisation. Part A: Emergence of the Hypercycle]. Naturwissenschaften Vol. 64, pp. 541–565.</ref><ref>Eigen & Schuster (1978) [http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1978Naturwissenschaften65a.pdf The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organisation. Part B: The Abstract Hypercycle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203325/http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1978Naturwissenschaften65a.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}. Naturwissenschaften Vol. 65, pp. 7–41.</ref><ref>Eigen & Schuster (1978) [http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1978Naturwissenschaften65b.pdf The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organisation. Part C: The Realistic Hypercycle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616180402/http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1978Naturwissenschaften65b.pdf |date=16 June 2016 }}. Naturwissenschaften Vol. 65, pp. 341–369.</ref><ref>Manfred Eigen and [[Peter Schuster]] ''The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization'', 1979, Springer {{ISBN|0-387-09293-5}}</ref>

Eigen founded two biotechnology companies, ''[[Evotec]]'' and ''Direvo''.<ref>
{{cite journal|author1=Jackle H |author2=Rotte C |author3=Gruss P |pmc=5982432|title= Manfred Eigen: the realization of his vision of Biophysical Chemistry|journal=European Biophysics Journal |volume=47|issue=4|pages=319–323|year=2017|pmid=29230510|doi=10.1007/s00249-017-1266-y}}</ref>

In 1981, Eigen became a founding member of the [[World Cultural Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|publisher=[[World Cultural Council]]|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

Eigen was a member of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] even though he was an atheist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_03_02.htm|title=HKHPE 03 02|website=www.hanskrause.de|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> He died on 6 February 2019 at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Manfred Eigen, 1967 Nobel Chemistry Laureate, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/02/07/world/europe/ap-eu-germany-obit-eigen.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124342/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/02/07/world/europe/ap-eu-germany-obit-eigen.html|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Merlot|first=Julia|date=7 February 2019|title=Der Bezwinger des Unmessbaren|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/manfred-eigen-ist-tot-der-bezwinger-des-unmessbaren-a-1252131.html|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|location=Hamburg|language=de|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 February 2019|title=Göttingen Nobel Laureate Manfred Eigen has died|url=https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/15874842/Manfred-Eigen|work=The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry|location=Göttingen|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212143309/https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/15874842/Manfred-Eigen|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lindinger|first=Manfred|date=7 February 2019|title=Die Klaviatur des Lebens|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/forschung-politik/die-klaviatur-des-lebens-zum-tod-des-grossen-naturforschers-manfred-eigen-16029709.html|work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|language=de|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>