Editing Mangue bit (section)

== History ==

=== Origin ===
[[File:Caranguejo da Rua da Aurora - Recife-PE - Brasil.jpg|thumb|285px|Caranguejo Elétrico, Rua da Aurora, Recife (2007). ]]
The basis for Mangue started towards the end of Brazil's [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]] at the beginning of the 1980s. The relaxation of censorship increased the availability of imported music, especially from the United States and the United Kingdom, leading to an increase of [[Brazilian rock|Brazilian-made rock music]]. In [[Recife]], university students, including some of the founding characters of the movement, DJ Renato L. and [[Fred 04]], started a radio show called ''Décadas'', further facilitating the influence of rock music, especially underground music from England, leading to a large increase in Recife-based rock bands.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315023977/maracatu-atomico-philip-galinsky|title=Maracatu Atomico: Tradition, Modernity, and Postmodernity in the Mangue Movement of Recife, Brazil|date=2013-09-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-02397-7|location=New York|pages=29|doi=10.4324/9781315023977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aaron.|first=Clark, Walter|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/827207112|title=From tejano to tango : Latin American popular music|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-53680-9|pages=129|oclc=827207112}}</ref> Fred 04 notes that when Mundo Livre S/A began in 1984, poor economic circumstances and the lack of a music circuit in Recife, made it especially difficult for them, and similar music groups to find places to play.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aaron.|first=Clark, Walter|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/827207112|title=From tejano to tango : Latin American popular music|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-53680-9|pages=198|oclc=827207112}}</ref> In the early 90s, Paulo Andre Pires, who would become [[Nação Zumbi]]'s [[impresario]], began producing shows in Recife and invited both local and international bands to perform.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=30}}</ref>

Despite being both being cited as founders for the Mangue movement, [[Chico Science]] and [[Nação Zumbi]] ([[Chico Science & Nacao Zumbi|CSNZ]]), and [[Mundo Livre S/A]] have different influences and backgrounds. Chico Science was born to a lower-middle-class family in the neighborhood of Rio Doce in the city of [[Olinda]].<ref name=":0" /> His influences came from music he heard while attending baile funk parties as a youth and included early [[Rapping|rap]], [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Soul music|soul]] such as, [[James Brown]], [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Funkadelic]], [[The Sugarhill Gang|Sugar Hill Gang]], [[Kurtis Blow]], and [[Grandmaster Flash|Grand Master Flash]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afropop Worldwide {{!}} Crabs With Brains: The Mangue Revolution and New Sounds of Recife|url=https://afropop.org/audio-programs/crabs-with-brains-the-mangue-revolution-new-sounds-of-recife|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Afropop Worldwide|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=31}}</ref> Having grown up being surrounded by regional folk music he also was heavily influenced by music of Recife such as [[maracatu]], ciranda, embolada, and [[Coco (music)|côco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=32}}</ref> Chico with his friend, Jorge du Peixe, joined several groups; Legião Hip Hop, [[Chico Science|Orla Orbe, and Loustal]], before finding and meeting members of Lamento Negro, a bloco afro specializing in [[Samba reggae|samba-reggae]], in 1990 and forming what would be [[Nação Zumbi|CSNZ]].<ref name=":1" />

Mundo Livre S/A was based in the neighborhood of Candeias, a wealthy area of [[Olinda]]. While the band members themselves weren't wealthy, they were all firmly middle class as opposed to Chico Science and members of Nação Zumbi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=37}}</ref> Lead singer Fred 04, described the idea for the band as "a fusion, a bridge between Johnny Rotten [of the punk band. the Sex Pistols] and Jorge Ben [a pioneering Brazilian pop musician who fuses funk. soul. and samba] and Moreira da Silva [a samba musician from the 1930s and '40s], understand? .... It would be a type of new wave but very Brazilian, really very Brazilian, that would be identified neither as rock nor as MPB [an acronym for Música Popular Brasileira, "Brazilian Popular Music"]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=39}}</ref>

When first hearing Chico Science in a mashup performance of Loustal and Lamento Negro, he thought the combination of the local/global juxtaposition, as well as the difference in geographical location, could launch what would become the Mangue movement into something that would highlight Recife's diversity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Aaron.|first=Clark, Walter|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/827207112|title=From tejano to tango : Latin American popular music|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-53680-9|pages=202|oclc=827207112}}</ref>

=== Manifesto Mangue ===
The Mangue manifesto, titled "Caranguejos Com Cérebro" (Crabs with Brains), was written by [[Fred 04]] and Renato L. and distributed to the press in 1991. Though his name is not listed as an author when the manifesto was printed, [[Chico Science]] likely played a role in its creation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=43}}</ref> When naming Mangue, Chico Science initially used it solely to describe the fusion of genres and sounds used by Loustal and Lamento Negro. However, soon the word changed to describe more than the specific sound. DJ Renato L. describes Mangue as  <blockquote>"a label that we used for a type of cultural cooperative . . . that united some bands [particularly Nação Zumbi and Mundo Livre S/A], some visual artists, some journalists, some unemployed. And the idea, the label mangue emerged because Recife is a city that is constructed on top of the manguezais ["mangrove swamps"]. Our idea at the time [in the early ’90s] was to try to create a cultural scene here in Recife that was as rich and diversified as the mangue swamps, because the swamps are perhaps the ecosystem that has the greatest biodiversity of the planet. So the idea was to create a cultural scene . . . that had the same diversity, that wasn’t tied down to a single rhythm, a single style, or single fashion".<ref name=":2" /> </blockquote>That diversity is emphasized in the Mangue manifesto. It is divided into three parts: "Mangue - the Concept", which talks about the biodiversity of the mangue swamps and its importance as an ecosystem to the people of Recife, "Manguetown-The City", which describes a bit of Recife's history and economic situation as being rated one of the worst cities in the world to live in, with a high rate of unemployment and a high rate of people living in slums, and "Mangue-The Scene", which introduces the Mangue movement as a way to inject energy back into the city of Recife and connect it to the circulation of music on a global scale. The named symbol for the movement is "a parabolic antenna put in the mud. Or a caranguejo [crab] remixing ANTHENA by Kraftwerk [a Euro-tech group] on the computer."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=231–233}}</ref> The idea of the manifesto was to parallel the biodiversity of the mangue to the cultural diversity within Recife and to resuscitate the music and cultural scene, by mixing elements of globally circulating music with elements of regional music.
[[File:"30" anos do Movimento Manguebeat obra localizada no bairro do Recife (PE).jpg|thumb|285px|In 2022, the Manguebeat movement celebrated 30 years the crab sculpture is located in the Recife neighborhood.]]

As a result of the manifesto being published, in 1992 MTV visited Recife to interview both Chico Science and Fred 04. The resulting footage played on MTV in Brazil, in January 1993, causing Mangue to gain traction in the south of Brazil.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Afropop Worldwide {{!}} Clever Crabs: Philip Galinsky on the Postmodernity of Mangue|url=https://afropop.org/articles/clever-crabs-philip-galinsky-on-the-postmodernity-of-mangue|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Afropop Worldwide|language=en}}</ref> That same year, Paulo Andre Pires launched the first Abril pro Rock festival in Recife featuring CSNZ and Mundo Livre S/A as well as Nacão Pernambuco, a maracatu band that was gaining attention and growing quickly in popularity. The festival had a total audience of 1,500 people.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Galinsky|first=Philip|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315023977|title=Maracatu Atomico|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-71721-5|pages=44–45}}</ref> CSNZ and Mundo Livre quickly found success in the music industry after the festival. Both bands toured in São Paulo and Minas Gerais and were picked up by record labels; CSNZ by Sony music, and Mundo Livre by Banguela, which was also the label that was producing music for band ''Titãs'', and both bands produced their first CDs by 1994.<ref name=":4" />