Editing Meitnerium (section)

==History==
[[File:Lise Meitner (1878-1968), lecturing at Catholic University, Washington, D.C., 1946.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Meitnerium was named after the physicist [[Lise Meitner]], one of the discoverers of nuclear fission.]]

===Discovery===
Meitnerium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|first synthesized]] on August 29, 1982, by a German research team led by [[Peter Armbruster]] and [[Gottfried Münzenberg]] at the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|Institute for Heavy Ion Research]] (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in [[Darmstadt]].<ref name="82Mu01">{{cite journal|title=Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction <sup>58</sup>Fe on <sup>209</sup>Bi→<sup>267</sup>109|doi=10.1007/BF01420157|year=1982|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=309|issue=1|pages=89|last1=Münzenberg|first1=G.|last2=Armbruster|first2=P.|last3=Heßberger|first3=F. P.|last4=Hofmann|first4=S.|last5=Poppensieker|first5=K.|last6=Reisdorf|first6=W.|last7=Schneider|first7=J. H. R.|last8=Schneider|first8=W. F. W.|last9=Schmidt|first9=K.-H.|first10=C.-C.|last10=Sahm|first11=D.|last11=Vermeulen|bibcode = 1982ZPhyA.309...89M|s2cid=120062541}}</ref> The team bombarded a target of [[bismuth-209]] with accelerated nuclei of [[iron]]-58 and detected a single atom of the [[isotope]] meitnerium-266:<ref name="93TWG">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac199365081757|title=Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements|year=1993|author=Barber, R. C.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=65|pages=1757|last2=Greenwood|first2=N. N.|last3=Hrynkiewicz|first3=A. Z.|last4=Jeannin|first4=Y. P.|last5=Lefort|first5=M.|last6=Sakai|first6=M.|last7=Ulehla|first7=I.|last8=Wapstra|first8=A. P.|last9=Wilkinson|first9=D. H.
|issue=8|s2cid=195819585|doi-access=free}} (Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991)</ref>

:{{nuclide|bismuth|209}} + {{nuclide|iron|58}} → {{nuclide|meitnerium|266}} + {{SubatomicParticle|neutron}}

This work was confirmed three years later at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] at [[Dubna]] (then in the [[Soviet Union]]).<ref name="93TWG" />

===Naming===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Bohrium hassium meitnerium ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|Naming ceremony conducted at the GSI on 7 September 1992 for the namings of elements 107, 108, and 109 as nielsbohrium, hassium, and meitnerium]] -->
Using [[Mendeleev's predicted elements|Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements]], meitnerium should be known as ''eka-[[iridium]]''. In 1979, during the [[Transfermium Wars]] (but before the synthesis of meitnerium), IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ''unnilennium'' (with the corresponding symbol of ''Une''),<ref name="iupac">{{cite journal|author=Chatt, J.|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|date=1979|volume=51|pages=381–384|title=Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100|doi=10.1351/pac197951020381|issue=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> a [[systematic element name]] as a [[placeholder name|placeholder]], until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who either called it "element 109", with the symbol of ''E109'', ''(109)'' or even simply ''109'', or used the proposed name "meitnerium".<ref name="Haire" />

The naming of meitnerium was discussed in the [[Transfermium Wars|element naming controversy]] regarding the names of elements 104 to 109, but ''meitnerium'' was the only proposal and thus was never disputed.<ref name="IUPAC94" /><ref name=IUPAC97>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac199769122471|title=Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)|date=1997|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=69|pages=2471–2474|issue=12|author=Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry|url=http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=October 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011132719/http://publications.iupac.org/pac/pdf/1997/pdf/6912x2471.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The name ''meitnerium'' (Mt) was suggested by the GSI team in September 1992 in honor of the Austrian physicist [[Lise Meitner]], a co-discoverer of [[protactinium]] (with [[Otto Hahn]]),<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1080/02841860050216016
| last1 = Bentzen | first1 = S. M.
| title = Lise Meitner and Niels Bohr—a historical note
| journal = Acta Oncologica
| volume = 39
| issue = 8
| pages = 1002–1003
| year = 2000
| pmid = 11206992
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1001/jama.245.20.2021
| last1 = Kyle | first1 = R. A.
| last2 = Shampo | first2 = M. A.
| title = Lise Meitner
| journal = JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
| volume = 245
| issue = 20
| pages = 2021
| year = 1981
| pmid = 7014939
| title-link = Lise Meitner | doi-broken-date = February 7, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Frisch | first1 = O. R.
| title = Distinguished Nuclear Pioneer—1973. Lise Meitner
| journal = Journal of Nuclear Medicine
| volume = 14
| issue = 6
| pages = 365–371
| year = 1973
| pmid = 4573793
}}</ref><ref name="DoiX">{{cite journal|doi=10.1595/147106708X297486|title=The Periodic Table and the Platinum Group Metals|date=2008|last1=Griffith|first1=W. P.|journal=Platinum Metals Review|volume=52|issue=2|pages=114–119|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cen-v081n036.p186|title=Meitnerium|date=2003|last1=Rife|first1=Patricia|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|volume=81|issue=36|pages=186}}</ref> and one of the discoverers of [[nuclear fission]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed078p889|title=Politics, Chemistry, and the Discovery of Nuclear Fission|date=2001|last1=Wiesner|first1=Emilie|last2=Settle|first2=Frank A.|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=78|issue=7|pages=889|bibcode = 2001JChEd..78..889W }}</ref> In 1994 the name was recommended by [[IUPAC]],<ref name="IUPAC94">{{cite journal|doi=10.1351/pac199466122419|title=Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)|date=1994|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|volume=66|issue=12|pages=2419–2421|doi-access=free}}</ref> and was officially adopted in 1997.<ref name="IUPAC97" /> It is thus the only element named specifically after a non-mythological woman ([[curium]] being named for both [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Marie Curie]]).<ref>"Meitnerium is named for the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner." in [http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/109/meitnerium Meitnerium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102434/http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/109/meitnerium |date=September 5, 2015 }} in [http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table Royal Society of Chemistry – ''Visual Element Periodic Table''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410112333/http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table |date=April 10, 2016 }}. Retrieved August 14, 2015.</ref>