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Merya language
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== Reconstruction == {{Infobox language | name = Reconstructed Merya | familycolor = conlang | created = 1985 | creator = various | posteriori = Merya (toponyms), [[Mari language|Mari]], [[Veps language|Veps]] | iso3 = none | glotto = none | states = [[Russia]] | ethnicity = {{ill|Meryan ethnofuturism|lt=Meryan ethnofuturists|ru|Мерянский этнофутуризм}} | nativename = {{lang|mis|мерян елма}} {{tlit|mis|merjan jelma}} }} There have been attempts to re-construct Merya based on [[Toponymy|toponyms]], [[onomastics]] and words in [[Russian dialects]] by O. B. Tkachenko, Arja Ahlqvist and A. K. Matveev among others. The first reconstructions were done in 1985 by O. B. Tkachenko. The latest book about Merya reconstructions was published in 2019.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Andrey |first=Malyšev |url=https://forumcontent.paradoxplaza.com/public/922083/Maket_-_Meryanskiy_yazyk_1.pdf |title=Merjanskij jazyk |year=2019 |publisher=Izdatelʹstvo "Inbelkulʹt" |isbn=978-5-00076-049-9 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Мерянский язык |trans-title=Meryan language}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal|first=Pauli|last=Rahkonen|title=Suomen etymologisesti läpinäkymätöntä vesistönimistöä [Etymologically opaque hydronyms of Finland]|journal=Virittäjä |date=2013|issue=1|url=https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/7843}}</ref><ref name=":4">”Allikas: Ткаченко О. Б., Мерянский язык, Kiova 1985.”</ref> As an example: in Russian toponyms around where Merya was spoken, an ending {{lang|mis|-яхр}} ({{tlit|mis|-jaxr}}) is regularly seen in names relating to lakes. This also resembles, but does not exactly match, the words for 'lake' in western Uralic languages, such as Finnish {{lang|fi|järvi}}, Northern Sami {{lang|se|jávri}}, Erzya {{Lang|myv|эрьке}} ({{tlit|myv|eŕke}}'), Meadow Mari {{lang|mhr|ер}} ({{tlit|mhr|jer}}) (from a common proto-form {{lang|urj|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäwrä|*jäwrä]]}}). From these it can be inferred that {{lang|mis|-яхр}} likely continues the Meryan word for 'lake', which may have had a shape such as {{Transliteration|mis|*jäkrä, *jähr(e)}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=О.Б.|first=Ткаченко|title=исследованиа по мерянскому языку|year=2007|location=kostroma}}</ref> According to Rahkonen, in Merya areas there is a word {{lang|mis|*veks}}, which is probably cognate with the Komi word {{lang|kpv|вис}} ({{tlit|kpv|vis}}) 'middle river', and similar also to an element {{lang|fi|vieksi}} which appears in Finnish toponyms. From Merya toponyms it can also be seen that words such as {{lang|mis|volo}} 'down' (Finnish: {{lang|fi|ala}}), {{lang|mis|vondo}} 'give' (Finnish: {{lang|fi|antaa}}) existed in the Merya language.<ref name="Rahkonen" /><ref name="auto" /> From this it can be concluded that Finnish {{lang|fi|a-}} corresponds to {{lang|mis|*vo-}} or {{lang|mis|*o-}} in the Merya language. Another thing that can be observed is the Finnish sound "a" corresponding to a Merya "o", for example a hydronym {{Transliteration|mis|kol(o)}} can be seen, which can be compared to Finnish {{lang|fi|kala}} 'fish'. In the Muroma-Merya territory a word {{Transliteration|mis|il(e)}} can be observed, which can be compared to Finnic *ülä ‘upper’.<ref name="Rahkonen" /><ref name="auto" /> <!-- However some others have constructed the word 'give' as ''*ando'' in Merya.<ref name=":1" /> Other words reconstructed directly from toponyms are ''*šun'' 'clay', {{Transliteration|mis|vyj}} 'head', {{Transliteration|mis|vur}} 'cow', {{Transliteration|mis|kuvar}} 'bridge'.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Andrey|first=Malyšev|title=Merjan jelma Мерянский язык|year=2013|location=Moscow}}</ref> Some words have also been constructed from proper names, such as the words {{Transliteration|mis|*kolyzo}} 'fisher' and {{Transliteration|mis|*tujba}} 'hope'.<ref name=":2" /> The reconstructed native name for Merya is ''*merjan jelma'' (''*мерян елма'')<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Reconstructions from Malyshev 2013 !Word !Meaning !Source of the word |- |jähre |lake |Toponym, Tkachenko |- |ila |live |Tkachenko |- |jole |be |Tkachenko |- |jon' |is |Tkachenko |- |palo |village |Tkachenko |- |tul |fire |Tkachenko |- |uhtoma |connection |Toponym |- |at'a |father |Tkachenko |- |tup |back |Matveev |- |pelyš |fear |Tkachenko |- |tohte |want |Tkachenko |- |kuu/kuv |moon |Matveev |- |ner |nose |Tkachenko |- |juk/jug |river |Tkachenko |- |voj |butter |Tkachenko |- |pu |tree |Toponym |- |kil'm |frozen |Matveev |- |n'orga |young |Matveev |- |kolema |death |Tkachenko |- |kol |fish |Toponym, Tkachenko |- |jokšo |swan |Matveev |- |ando |give |Tkachenko |- |tudo |know |Tkachenko |- |il(e) |upper |Toponym |} == Grammar == This grammar section is the reconstructed grammar of Merya, based on linguistic evidence, while not being attested facts about the Merya language:<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Andrey |first=Malyšev |title=Merjanskij jazyk |year=2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Andrey |first=Malyšev |title=Merjan jelma Мерянский язык |year=2013 |location=Moscow}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date= |title=Info |url=http://costroma.k156.ru/tk/066-125.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-03 |publisher=costroma.k156.ru}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Cases |Case |Case ending |- |nominative | - |- |Genetive | -n/-an |- |Partitive | -ta/da |- |Inessive | -sna/ssa/ššo |- |Illative | -s |- |ellative |sta |- |adessive | -lna/lla |- |allative | -l'/le |- |ablative | -lta |- |translative | -kš |- |vokative | -aj |- |abessive | -to/do |- |dative | -lan/len |- |accusative | -m/-am/-ym |- |comitative | -ge |- |prolative | -te |- |subessive | -nna |- |delative | -lta/-lda |- |plural | -k/-ak |} {| class="wikitable" |+Possessive suffixes !Person !Singular !Plural |- |1sg | -em | -en |- |2sg | -et | -ent |- |3sg | -eš | -enže |- |1pl | -amo | -ano |- |2pl | -ato | -anto |- |3pl | -ašto | -ažno |} {| class="wikitable" |+Present tense conjugation !Person !Ending |- |1sg | -am |- |2sg | -at |- |3sg | -a/-as |- |1pl |em/ama |- |2pl |et/ata |- |3pl |es |} {| class="wikitable" |+Past tense !Person !Ending |- |1sg |ym |- |2sg |yt |- |3sg |yš/ys |- |1pl |yma/im/ym |- |2pl |yta/yt/it |- |3pl |iš/is |}-->
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