Editing Metonymy (section)

==Background==
Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in everyday speech and writing. [[Synecdoche]] and [[metalepsis]] are considered specific types of metonymy. [[Polysemy]], the capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple meanings, sometimes results from relations of metonymy. Both metonymy and [[metaphor]] involve the substitution of one term for another.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dirven|first1=René|last2=Pörings|first2=Ralf|title=Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Raqw1erGJcQC|year=2002|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-017373-4}}</ref> In metaphor, this substitution is based on some specific [[analogy]] between two things, whereas in metonymy the substitution is based on some understood association or [[Contiguity (psychology)|contiguity]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilber|first=Ken|title=Sex, Ecology, Spirituality|url=https://archive.org/details/sexecologyspirit00wilb_0|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-0-8348-2108-8}}</ref><ref name="tompkins and lawley">{{cite web|last=Tompkins|first=Penny|author2=James Lawley|title=Metonymy and Part-Whole Relationships|url=http://www.cleanlanguage.co.uk/articles/articles/210/1/Metonymy--Part-Whole-Relationships/Page1.html|publisher=www.cleanlanguage.co.uk|access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref>

American literary theorist [[Kenneth Burke]] considers metonymy as one of four "master [[Trope (literature)|tropes]]": [[metaphor]], metonymy, [[synecdoche]], and [[irony]]. He discusses them in particular ways in his book ''[[A Grammar of Motives]]''. Whereas [[Roman Jakobson]] argued that the fundamental [[dichotomy]] in trope was between metaphor and metonymy, Burke argues that the fundamental dichotomy is between irony and synecdoche, which he also describes as the dichotomy between dialectic and representation, or again between reduction and perspective.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Grammar_of_Motives.html?id=m_BUlVZjxKEC Burke, Kenneth. (1945) ''A Grammar of Motives''.] New York: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 503–09.</ref>

In addition to its use in everyday speech, metonymy is a figure of speech in some [[poetry]] and in much [[rhetoric]]. Greek and Latin scholars of rhetoric made significant contributions to the study of metonymy.