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MicroRNA
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==Nomenclature== Under a standard nomenclature system, names are assigned to experimentally confirmed miRNAs before publication.<ref name="pmid12592000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ambros V, Bartel B, Bartel DP, Burge CB, Carrington JC, Chen X, Dreyfuss G, Eddy SR, Griffiths-Jones S, Marshall M, Matzke M, Ruvkun G, Tuschl T | title = A uniform system for microRNA annotation | journal = RNA | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 277β79 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12592000 | pmc = 1370393 | doi = 10.1261/rna.2183803 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16381832">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock RJ, van Dongen S, Bateman A, Enright AJ | title = miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 34 | issue = Database issue | pages = D140β44 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16381832 | pmc = 1347474 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkj112 }}</ref> The prefix "miR" is followed by a dash and a number, the latter often indicating order of naming. For example, miR-124 was named and likely discovered prior to miR-456. A capitalized "miR-" refers to the mature form of the miRNA, while the uncapitalized "mir-" refers to the pre-miRNA and the {{Not a typo|pri}}-miRNA.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright MW, Bruford EA | title = Naming 'junk': human non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) gene nomenclature | journal = Human Genomics | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 90β98 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21296742 | pmc = 3051107 | doi = 10.1186/1479-7364-5-2-90 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The genes encoding miRNAs are also named using the same three-letter prefix according to the conventions of the organism gene nomenclature. For examples, the official miRNAs gene names in some organisms are "''mir-1'' in ''C. elegans'' and ''Drosophila,'' ''Mir1'' in ''Rattus norvegicus'' and ''MIR25'' in human. miRNAs with nearly identical sequences except for one or two nucleotides are annotated with an additional lower case letter. For example, miR-124a is closely related to miR-124b. For example: : {{mono|hsa-miR-181a}}: {{DNA sequence|aacauucaACgcugucggugAgu}} : {{mono|hsa-miR-181b}}: {{DNA sequence|aacauucaUUgcugucggugGgu}} Pre-miRNAs, {{Not a typo|pri}}-miRNAs and genes that lead to 100% identical mature miRNAs but that are located at different places in the genome are indicated with an additional dash-number suffix. For example, the pre-miRNAs {{Not a typo|hsa}}-mir-194-1 and {{Not a typo|hsa}}-mir-194-2 lead to an identical mature miRNA ({{Not a typo|hsa}}-miR-194) but are from genes located in different genome regions. Species of origin is designated with a three-letter prefix, e.g., {{Not a typo|hsa}}-miR-124 is a human (''Homo sapiens'') miRNA and oar-miR-124 is a sheep (''Ovis aries'') miRNA. Other common prefixes include "v" for viral (miRNA encoded by a viral genome) and "d" for ''Drosophila'' miRNA (a fruit fly commonly studied in genetic research). When two mature microRNAs originate from opposite arms of the same pre-miRNA and are found in roughly similar amounts, they are denoted with a -3p or -5p suffix. (In the past, this distinction was also made with "s" ([[antisense|sense]]) and "as" (antisense)). However, the mature microRNA found from one arm of the hairpin is usually much more abundant than that found from the other arm,<ref name="pmid14744438" /> in which case, an asterisk following the name indicates the mature species found at low levels from the opposite arm of a hairpin. For example, miR-124 and miR-124* share a pre-miRNA hairpin, but much more miR-124 is found in the cell.
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