Editing Mikhail Bulgakov (section)

===Early life===
[[File:Bulgakov House Moscow (3).jpg|thumb|Bulgakov House in Moscow. Bulgakov's novel ''Master and Margarita'' was written here.]]
Mikhail Bulgakov was born on {{OldStyleDate|15 May|1891|3 May}} in [[Kiev]], [[Kiev Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]], at 28 Vozdvishenskaya Street, into a Russian family, and baptized on {{OldStyleDate|18 May|1891|6 May}}.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=4}} He was the oldest of the seven children of {{ill|Afanasiy Bulgakov|ru|Булгаков, Афанасий Иванович}}{{snd}} a [[Table of Ranks|state councilor]], a professor at the [[Kiev Theological Academy]], as well as a prominent Russian [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] essayist, thinker and translator of religious texts. His mother was Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (''nee'' Pokrovskaya), a former teacher at a women's gymnasium.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=6{{ndash}}7}}{{sfn|Bulgakova|Lyandres|1988|p=42}} The academician [[Nikolai Petrov (academician)|Nikolai Petrov]] was his godfather,{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=9}} while his godmother was his paternal grandmother, Olympiada.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=32}}

Afanasiy Bulgakov (1859 - 1907) was born in [[Oryol]], [[Oryol Governorate]], the oldest son of Ivan Abramovich Bulgakov, a priest, and  his wife Olympiada Ferapontovna.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=31{{ndash}}32}}{{sfn|Bulgakova|Lyandres|1988|p=41}} He first studied in a seminary in Oryol, and then studied in Kiev Theological Academy from 1881 to 1885, and was named a docent of the Academy in 1886.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=5{{ndash}}6}} Varvara Bulgakova (1869 - 1922) was born in [[Karachev]]; her father, Mikhail Pokrovsky, was a [[protoiereus]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=31-32}}{{sfn|Bulgakova|Lyandres|1988|p=42}} According to Edythe C. Haber, in his "autobiographical remarks" Bulgakov stated that she was a descendant of [[Tartary|Tartar]] hordes, which supposedly influenced some of his works.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haber |first1=Edythe C. |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: The Early Years |date=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=70 |isbn=978-0-674-57418-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAYOu62zcVUC&q=tartar |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> Afanasiy and Varvara married in 1890.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=6}} Their other children were Vera (b. 1892), Nadezhda (b. 1893), Varvara (b. 1895), Nikolai (b. 1898), Ivan (b. 1900), and Yelena (b. 1902).{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=7}}  

All the children received a good education; they read the classics of Russian and European literature, studied music, and went to concerts. Mikhail played piano, sang baritone, and enjoyed opera. In particular, he enjoyed ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' by [[Gounod]]; according to his sister Nadezhda, he attended showings of ''Faust'' at least 40 times.{{sfn|Curtis|2019|pp=1{{ndash}}2}} At home, Mikhail and his siblings acted out plays that they enjoyed; the family also had a [[dacha]] in [[Bucha, Ukraine|Bucha]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=32{{ndash}}33}}{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=17}}

In 1901, Bulgakov joined the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in [[Russian literature|Russian]] and [[European literature]] (his favourite authors at the time being [[Nikolay Gogol|Gogol]], [[Aleksander Pushkin|Pushkin]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoyevsky]], [[Saltykov-Shchedrin]], and [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]), theatre and opera. The teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. After the death of his father in 1907, Mikhail's mother, a well-educated and extraordinarily diligent person, assumed responsibility for his education. After graduation from the Gymnasium in 1909,<ref name="timeline">{{cite web| url =http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html| title =Bulgakov timeline /Краткая хроника жизни и творчества М.А.Булгакова| publisher =www.m-a-bulgakov.ru| access-date =10 October 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111009010439/http://www.m-a-bulgakov.ru/hronika.html| archive-date =9 October 2011}}</ref> Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of [[Kiev University]].

In the summer of 1908, Bulgakov met Tatiana Lappa. Lappa, who lived in Saratov, had arrived in Kiev to visit her relatives; her aunt was a friend of Varvara Bulgakova and thus introduced her to the young Bulgakov.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=55{{ndash}}56}}{{sfn|Bulgakova|Lyandres|1988|p=109}} In 1909, Bulgakov began to study medicine at the Kiev University. In 1912, Lappa arrived in Kiev to study. The two married in April 1913.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=64}}

Bulgakov was staying with Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]] at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. Her mother opened a field hospital for wounded soldiers, where Bulgakov worked as a doctor.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}}{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=27}}{{sfn|Bulgakova|Lyandres|1988|p=112}} The couple returned to Kiev in the autumn.{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=68}} In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the university, after which he volunteered for the [[Red Cross]].{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|p=71}} His wife volunteered as a nurse.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=27}} He first worked in [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]], then he was transferred to [[Chernivtsi]] in the same year.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Chudakova|2023|pp=71{{ndash}}72}}<ref name="congress">{{cite web| author = Katherine Konchakovska and Bohdan Yasinsky| year = 1998| url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| title = Mikhail Bulgakov in the Western World: A Bibliography| publisher = Library of Congress| access-date = 10 October 2011| archive-date = 26 September 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926205804/http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bulgaklc.html| url-status = live}}</ref> In September of that year he was transferred to Moscow; and then to the village of Nikolskoye in the [[Smolensk Oblast]].{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Bulgakova|Lyandres|1988|p=112}} The time he spent working as a doctor would be the inspiration for his short story cycle, ''[[A Young Doctor's Notebook]]'' and his short story, ''Morphine''.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=28{{ndash}}29}} ''Morphine'' is based on the author's actual addiction to [[morphine]], which he started taking to alleviate the allergic effects of an anti-[[diphtheria]] drug, after accidentally infecting himself with the disease while treating a child with the same condition. While visiting Kiev with his wife, they received advice from Bulgakov's stepfather on countering his addiction in the form of injecting distilled water instead of morphine, which gradually helped Bulgakov to end his addiction.<ref name="criticallives">{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=J.A.E. |title=Critical Lives: Mikhail Bulgakov |date=2017 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-78023-741-1 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=22{{ndash}}25}}

In the autumn of 1917 he was transferred to the town of [[Vyazma]], but left for Moscow in either November or December of that year in an unsuccessful attempt to gain a military discharge.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=29{{ndash}}30}} After briefly visiting Lappa's parents in [[Saratov]], they returned to Kiev in February 1918.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=30{{ndash}}31}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chudakova |first1=Marietta |title=Mikhail Bulgakov: the Life and Times |date=2019 |publisher=Glagoslav Publications |isbn=978-1-78437-981-0 |pages=74–79}}</ref> Upon returning Bulgakov opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent, 13.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=32}} Here he lived through the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] and witnessed ten coups. Successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the [[White Army]] against the Bolsheviks.

In 1919, he was mobilised as an army physician by the [[White Army]].{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=46{{ndash}}48}} In September 1919, Bulgakov was in [[Grozny]] with his wife.{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|p=49}} While there, he observed the fighting between the forces of [[Anton Denikin]] and [[Uzun-Hajji]] in the city of [[Chechen-Aul]]; this became part of one of his earliest works, "Unusual Adventures" ({{langx|ru|Необыкновенные приключения}}).{{sfn|Yanovskaya|1983|pp=50{{ndash}}56}} There, he became seriously ill with [[typhus]] and barely survived.<ref name="congress"/><ref>Vilensky, Yu, G., Bulgakov's doctor (1991) T. I. Borisova (ed.) Kiev. Zdorovie. pp. 99–103. {{ISBN|5-311-00639-0}}</ref> In the Caucasus, he started working as a journalist, but when he and others were invited to return as doctors by the French and German governments, Bulgakov was refused permission to leave Russia because of the typhus. That was when he last saw his family; after the Civil War and the rise of the Soviets most of his relatives emigrated to Paris.