Editing Mine reclamation (section)

===Forestry Reclamation Approach===

Reforestation is a dominant way of post mining sites restoration.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-01|title=Rehabilitating forest soils after disturbance|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444639981000136|journal=Developments in Soil Science|language=en|volume=36|pages=309–343|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63998-1.00013-6|issn=0166-2481|last1=Prescott |first1=Cindy E. |last2=Frouz |first2=Jan |last3=Grayston |first3=Sue J. |last4=Quideau |first4=Sylvie A. |last5=Straker |first5=Justin |isbn=9780444639981 |s2cid=214319901 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Macdonald|first1=S. Ellen|last2=Landhäusser|first2=Simon M.|last3=Skousen|first3=Jeff|last4=Franklin|first4=Jennifer|last5=Frouz|first5=Jan|last6=Hall|first6=Sarah|last7=Jacobs|first7=Douglass F.|last8=Quideau|first8=Sylvie|date=2015-11-01|title=Forest restoration following surface mining disturbance: challenges and solutions|journal=New Forests|language=en|volume=46|issue=5|pages=703–732|doi=10.1007/s11056-015-9506-4|issn=1573-5095|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015NewFo..46..703M }}</ref> In some situation even spontaneous ecosystem development may result in reasonable forest cover<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-11-01|title=Development of canopy cover and woody vegetation biomass on reclaimed and unreclaimed post-mining sites|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857415301634|journal=Ecological Engineering|language=en|volume=84|pages=233–239|doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.027|issn=0925-8574|last1=Frouz |first1=Jan |last2=Dvorščík |first2=Petr |last3=Vávrová |first3=Alena |last4=Doušová |first4=Olga |last5=Kadochová |first5=Štěpánka |last6=Matějíček |first6=Luboš |bibcode=2015EcEng..84..233F |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frouz|first1=Jan|last2=Mudrák|first2=Ondřej|last3=Reitschmiedová|first3=Erika|last4=Walmsley|first4=Alena|last5=Vachová|first5=Pavla|last6=Šimáčková|first6=Hana|last7=Albrechtová|first7=Jana|last8=Moradi|first8=Jabbar|last9=Kučera|first9=Jiří|date=2018-01-01|title=Rough wave-like heaped overburden promotes establishment of woody vegetation while leveling promotes grasses during unassisted post mining site development|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28964974/|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=205|pages=50–58|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.065|issn=1095-8630|pmid=28964974|bibcode=2018JEnvM.205...50F }}</ref> but in most cases specific restoration approaches are used.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Within the past decade, a new approach to [[reforestation]]—the Forestry Reclamation Approach, or FRA—has been promoted by state mining agencies and the [[Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement]] (OSMRE) as an appropriate and desirable method for reclaiming coal-mined land to support forested land uses under SMCRA. This approach was developed through and is supported by research conducted through the [[Powell River (Tennessee River)|Powell River]] Project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prp.cses.vt.edu/|title=Powell River Project|first=C. E.|last=Zipper|website=www.prp.cses.vt.edu}}</ref> a cooperative research and education program focused on topics relevant to [[coal mining]] and reclamation in [[Appalachia]].<ref>Appalachian Regional Reforestation Initiative, Forest Reclamation Advisory No. 1 (http://arri.osmre.gov/FRA/Advisories/FRA_No.1.7-18-07.Revised.pdf)</ref>

The FRA establishes guidelines for achieving successful reforestation on mined lands, and can be summarized in the following five steps:

# Create a suitable rooting medium for good tree growth that is no less than four feet deep and made of topsoil, weathered [[sandstone]], and/or the best available material.
# Loosely grade the topsoil or topsoil substitute established in step one to create a non-compacted growth medium.
# Use groundcovers that are compatible with growing trees.
# Plant two types (or more) of trees: early [[ecological succession|successional]] species for wildlife and [[soil stability]], then commercially valuable [[Timber|crop tree]]s.
# Use proper [[tree planting]] techniques.