Editing MiniDisc (section)

== Design ==

=== Physical characteristics ===
[[File:Memorex-minidisc.jpg|thumb|[[Memorex]] Mini-Disc]]

The disc is fixed in a cartridge (68×72×5&nbsp;mm) with a sliding door, similar to the casing of a 3.5" [[floppy disk]]. This shutter is opened automatically when inserted into a drive. MiniDiscs can either be blank or prerecorded. Recordable MiniDiscs use a magneto-optical system to write data: a laser below the disc heats a spot to its [[Curie point]], making the material in the disc susceptible to a magnetic field. A magnetic head above the disc then alters the polarity of the heated area, recording the digital data onto the disk. Playback is accomplished with the laser alone: taking advantage of the [[magneto-optic Kerr effect]], the player senses the polarization of the reflected light as a 1 or a 0. Recordable MDs can be rerecorded repeatedly, with Sony claiming up to one million times. By May 2005, there were 60-minute, 74-minute and 80-minute discs available. 60-minute blanks, which were widely available in the early years of the format's introduction, were phased out.

MiniDiscs use a mastering process and optical playback system that is very similar to CDs. The recorded signal of the premastered pits and of the recordable MD are also very similar. [[Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation]] (EFM) and a modification of CD's [[Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Coding|CIRC]] code, called Advanced Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (ACIRC) are employed.

=== Differences from cassette and CDs ===
[[File:Comparison disk storage.svg|thumb|Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks; green denotes start and red denotes end. Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.]]
MiniDiscs use rewritable magneto-optical storage to store data. Unlike [[Digital Compact Cassette|DCC]] or the analog [[Compact Cassette]], MiniDisc is a random-access medium, making seek time very fast. MiniDiscs can be edited very quickly even on portable machines. Tracks can be split, combined, moved or deleted with ease either on the player or uploaded to a PC with Sony's [[SonicStage]] V4.3 software and edited there. Transferring data from an MD unit to a non-Windows PC can only be done in real time, preferably via optical I/O, by connecting the audio out port of the MD to an available audio in port of the computer. With the release of the Hi-MD format, Sony began to use [[Mac OS X]]-compatible software. However, the Mac OS X-compatible software was still not compatible with legacy MD formats (SP, LP2, LP4). This means that an MD recorded on a legacy unit or in a legacy format still requires a Windows PC for faster than real-time transfers.

The beginning of the disc has a table of contents (TOC, the System File area), which stores the start positions of the various tracks, as well as metadata (title, artist) and free blocks. Unlike a conventional cassette, a recorded song does not need to be stored as one piece on the disc, it can be scattered in fragments, similar to a hard drive. Early MiniDisc equipment had a fragment granularity of 4 seconds of audio. Fragments smaller than the granularity are not monitored, which may lead to the usable capacity of a disc shrinking over time. No means of defragmenting the disc is provided in consumer-grade equipment.

All consumer-grade MiniDisc devices have a copy-protection scheme called the [[Serial Copy Management System]]. An unprotected disc or song can be copied without limit, but the copies can no longer be digitally copied. However, as a concession, the last Hi-MD players can upload to PC a digitally recorded file which can be resaved as a [[WAV]] ([[PCM]]) file and thus replicated.

=== Audio data compression ===
The digitally encoded audio signal on a MiniDisc has traditionally been [[Audio compression (data)|data-compressed]] using the [[ATRAC]] (Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) format.

ATRAC was devised to allow MiniDisc to have the same runtime as a CD. ATRAC reduces the 1.4&nbsp;Mbit/s of a CD to a 292&nbsp;kbit/s data stream,<ref name="wb-minidisc-bitrate">{{cite web|last=Woudenberg|first=Eric|title=MiniDisc FAQ: Audio Topics - What is the bit rate of the Minidisc's ATRAC audio after compression? |website=Minidisc Community Portal |url=https://www.minidisc.org/faq_sec_4.html#_q21|access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref> roughly a 5:1 reduction. ATRAC was also used on nearly all flash memory [[Walkman]] devices until the 8 series.

The ATRAC codec differs from uncompressed PCM in that it is a [[psychoacoustic]] [[lossy]] audio data reduction scheme. Like other lossy audio compression formats, it is intended to be acoustically transparent.

There have been four versions of ATRAC, each claimed by Sony to more accurately reflect the original audio. Early players are guaranteed to play later version ATRAC audio. Version&nbsp;1 could only be copied on consumer equipment three or four times before artifacts became objectionable, as the ATRAC on the recorder attempted to compress the already compressed data. By version&nbsp;4, the potential number of generations of copy had increased to around 15 to 20 depending on audio content.

The latest versions of Sony's ATRAC are ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus. Original ATRAC3 at 132&nbsp;kbit/s (also known as ATRAC-LP2 mode) was the format that was used by Sony's defunct Connect audio download store. ATRAC3plus was not used in order to retain backwards compatibility with earlier NetMD players.

In the MiniDisc's final iteration, Hi-MD, uncompressed [[CD-quality]] linear PCM audio recording and playback is offered, placing Hi-MD on par with CD-quality audio. Hi-MD also supports both ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus at various bitrates.

=== Anti-skip ===
MiniDisc has a feature that prevents disc skipping under all but the most extreme conditions. Older CD players had been a source of annoyance to users as they were prone to mistracking from vibration and shock. MiniDisc solved this problem by reading the data into a memory buffer at a higher speed than was required before being read out to the digital-to-analog converter at the standard rate of the format. The size of the buffer varies by model.

If a MiniDisc player is bumped, playback continues unimpeded while the laser repositions itself to continue reading data from the disc. This feature allows the player to stop the spindle motor for significant periods, increasing battery life.

A buffer of at least six seconds is required on all MiniDisc players, whether portable or full-sized units. This ensures uninterrupted playback in the presence of file [[Fragmentation (computer)|fragmentation]].

=== Operation ===
[[File:Sony-MDS-JE780.jpg|thumb|MiniDisc Deck MDS-JE780 (2002–2005)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony MDS-JE780 Minidisc Deck Manual |url=https://www.hifiengine.com/manual_library/sony/mds-je780.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003134556/https://www.hifiengine.com/manual_library/sony/mds-je780.shtml |archive-date=Oct 3, 2020 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=HiFi Engine}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sony MiniDisc MD Recorder MDS-81.jpg|thumb|MiniDisc Recorder MDS-B1, normally used in [[Recording studio|recording or broadcast radio studios]].]]
[[File:Minidisc2.jpg|thumb|Detail view of the MZ-R30 MiniDisc recorder (Sony, 1996)]]
The data structure and operation of a MiniDisc is similar to that of a computer's [[hard disk]] drive. The bulk of the disc contains audio data, and a small section contains the table of contents (TOC), providing the playback device with vital information about the number and location of tracks on the disc. Tracks and discs can be named. Tracks may easily be added, erased, combined and divided, and their preferred order of playback modified. Erased tracks are not physically erased, but are only marked as deleted. When a disc becomes full, the recorder can simply direct the data into sections where erased tracks reside. This can lead to fragmentation but unless many erasures and replacements are performed, the only likely problem is excessive searching, reducing battery life.

The data structure of the MiniDisc, where music is recorded in a single stream of bytes while the TOC contains pointers to track positions, allows for [[gapless playback]] of music, something which competing portable players such as most [[MP3]] players, fail to implement properly. Notable exceptions are [[CD]] players, as well as all recent [[iPod]]s.

At the end of recording, after the "Stop" button has been pressed, the MiniDisc may continue to write music data for a few seconds from its memory buffers. During this time, it may display a message ("Data Save", on at least some models) and the case will not open. After the audio data is written out, the final step is to write the TOC track denoting the start and endpoints of the recorded data. Sony points out in the manual that the power should not be interrupted or the unit exposed to undue physical shock during this time.

=== Copy protection ===
All MiniDisc recorders use the [[Serial Copy Management System|SCMS]] copy protection system which uses two [[bit]]s in the S/PDIF digital audio stream and on disc to differentiate between "protected" vs. "unprotected" audio, and between "original" vs. "copy":
* Recording digitally from a source marked "protected" and "original" (produced by a prerecorded MD or an MD that recorded an analogue input) was allowed, but the recorder would change the "original" bit to the "copy" state on the disc to prevent further copying of the copy. A CD imported via a digital connection does not have the SCMS bits (as the CD format predates SCMS), but the recording MD recorder treats any signal where the SCMS bits are missing as protected and original. The MD copy, therefore, cannot be further copied digitally.
* Recording digitally from a source marked "protected" and "copy" was not allowed: an error message would be shown on the display.
* Recording digitally from a source marked "unprotected" was also allowed; the "original/copy" marker was ignored and left unchanged.

Recording from an analogue source resulted in a disc marked "protected" and "original" allowing one further copy to be made (this contrasts with the SCMS on the [[Digital Compact Cassette]] where analogue recording was marked as "unprotected").

In recorders that could be connected to a PC via [[USB]], it was possible to transfer audio from the PC to the MiniDisc recorder, but for many years it was not possible to transfer audio in the other direction. This restriction existed in both the SonicStage software and in the MiniDisc player itself. SonicStage V3.4 was the first version of the software where this restriction was removed, but it still required a MiniDisc recorder/player that also had the restriction removed. The Hi-MD model MZ-RH1 was the only such player available.