Editing Mixtec (section)

==Overview==
[[File:Códice Vindobonensis.jpg|thumb|left|Plate 37 of the [[Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I|Codex Vindobonensis]]. The central scene supposedly depicts the origin of the Mixtecs as a people whose ancestors sprang from a tree.]]

In [[pre-Columbian]] times, the Mixtec were one of the major civilizations of [[Mesoamerica]].  Important ancient centers of the Mixtec include the ancient capital of [[Tilantongo]], as well as the sites of [[San Juan Achiutla|Achiutla]], [[Cuilapan]], [[Huamelulpan (archaeological site)|Huajuapan]], [[Mitla]], [[Tlaxiaco]], [[Tututepec]], [[Juxtlahuaca]], and Yucuñudahui.  The Mixtecs also made major constructions at the ancient city of [[Monte Albán]] (which had originated as a [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] city before the Mixtecs gained control of it). The work of Mixtec artisans who produced work in [[Rock (geology)|stone]], wood, and metal was well regarded throughout ancient Mesoamerica.

According to West, "the Mixtec of Oaxaca...were the foremost goldsmiths of Mesoamerica," which included the "[[lost-wax casting]] of gold and its alloys."<ref name="Bakewell">{{cite book|author=West, Robert. Early Silver Mining in New Spain, 1531–1555|editor1-last=Bakewell|editor1-first=Peter|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|date=1997|publisher=Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited|location=Aldershot|pages=48}}</ref>

At the height of the [[Aztec Empire]], many Indigenous people in Oaxaca, including the Mixtecs and Zapotecs, would suffer under at the hands of the [[Aztecs]].<ref name=mixtecvsaztec>{{cite news|url=https://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/oaxaca_cultures.html|title=The Mixtecs And Zapotecs: Two Enduring Cultures of Oaxaca|first=John P.|last=Schmal|publisher=Houston Institute for Culture|accessdate=October 2, 2024}}</ref> In the 1450s, Mixtecs would be weakened after the Aztec armies crossed the mountains into the Valley of Oaxaca with the intention of extending their hegemony.<ref name=mixtecvsaztec /> Aztec forces triumphed over the Mixtecs in 1458.<ref name=mixtecvsaztec /> In 1486, the Aztecs established a fort on the hill of Huaxyácac (now called El Fortín), overlooking the present city of Oaxaca, which allowed the Aztecs to enforce [[tribute]] collection from the Mixtecs and Zapotecs.<ref name=mixtecvsaztec /> However, not all Mixtec towns became [[vassal]]s. The Mixtecs put up some resistance to Spanish forces led by [[Pedro de Alvarado]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-mixtec/|title=the Mixtec|publisher=Lumen Learning|access-date=October 2, 2024}}</ref> However, they would be subdued by the Spanish and their central Mexican allies led by [[Francisco de Orozco]] in 1521.<ref name=mixtecvsaztec /> Upon Orozco's arrival to the Valley of Oaxaca on November 25, 1521, the Mixtecs would be peacefully submit to Spanish rule, though some resistance would continue in [[Oaxaca City|Antequera]] before ending by the end of 1521.<ref name=mixtecvsaztec />

Mixtecs have migrated to various parts of both Mexico and the United States. In recent years a large exodus of Indigenous peoples from Oaxaca, such as the [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotec]] and [[Trique people|Triqui]], has seen them emerge as one of the most numerous groups of [[Amerindians]] in the United States.  As of 2011, an estimated 150,000 Mixteco people were living in California, and 25,000 to 30,000 in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Claudia Torrens
| title = Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as a barrier
| work = UTSanDiego.com
| access-date = 10 February 2013
| date = 28 May 2011
| url = http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/may/28/some-ny-immigrants-cite-lack-of-spanish-as-barrier/
}}</ref> Large Mixtec communities exist in the [[US-Mexico border|border]] cities of [[Tijuana, Baja California]], San Diego, California and [[Tucson, Arizona]]. Mixtec communities are generally described as transnational or trans-border because of their ability to maintain and reaffirm social ties between their native homelands and diasporic communities.  (See: [[Mixtec transnational migration]].)