Editing Monte Bolca (section)

==Geology==
All sites referred to as being a part of Monte Bolca are located in the eastern part of Monti Lessini near Verona, northern Italy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marramà |first=Giuseppe |last2=Carnevale |first2=Giorgio |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=December 2021 |title=Diversity, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental significance of the Eocene chondrichthyan assemblages of the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12436 |journal=Lethaia |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=736–751 |doi=10.1111/let.12436 |issn=0024-1164|hdl=2318/1795500 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This area represents a continuation of the [[Southern Alps]]. Though all of these sites have been put under a single name, there is not a place called "Monte Bolca". Due to the differences in the environment and stratigraphy, more recent authors have also called these sites the Bolca Lagerstätten.<ref name=":1" />

Due to volcanic events that had taken place in the area, a number of tectonic disturbances are present which were a result of the uplift of the ‘‘Trento Plateau’’. The nonuniform uplift of this plateau also caused the creation of the Lessini Shelf which was the northernmost margin of the [[Adriatic plate|Adriatic Plate]]. Multiple authors have mentioned a sub-vertical fault that runs north northwest-south southeast just west of Bolca.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trevisani |first=Enrico |date=2015-04-14 |title=Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene succession of the Monte Postale and its relationship with the “Pesciara di Bolca” (Lessini Mountains, northern Italy): deposition of a fossil-fish lagerstätte |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-015-0431-y |journal=Facies |volume=61 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s10347-015-0431-y |issn=0172-9179|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, more recent work done at Monte Postale has not seen the presence of this supposed fault and has since been discarded.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matt |last2=Carnevale |first2=Giorgio |date=2018-05-08 |title=The Bolca Lagerstätten: shallow marine life in the Eocene |url=https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-164 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=569–579 |doi=10.1144/jgs2017-164 |issn=0016-7649|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Papazzoni |first=Cesare Andrea |last2=Fornaciara |first2=Eliana |last3=Giusberti |first3=Luca |last4=Vescongni |first4=Alessandro |last5=Fornaciari |first5=Beatrice |date=January 2017 |title=Integrating Shallow Benthic and Calcareous Nannofossil Zones: The Lower Eocene of the Montef Postale Section (Northern Italy) |url=https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2016.014 |journal=PALAIOS |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=6–17 |doi=10.2110/palo.2016.014 |issn=0883-1351|hdl=11577/3224576 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Spilecco ===
Spilecco, also known as Spilecco Hill, is largely made up of poorly-exposed reddish marly and grey-green [[Limestone|limestones]]. While the fossil content of the grey-green limestones is made up of various microfossils, macrofossils are found in the reddish marly limestones. The strata within Spilecco date from the Thanetian to lower Ypresian which make them the oldest shallow water deposits in the Lessini Shelf and would have been deposited after the first period of volcanic activity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Seghetti |first=Simone Matteo |last2=Georgalis |first2=Georgios L. |last3=Tschopp |first3=Emanuel |last4=Delfino |first4=Massimo |date=2022 |title=A historical overview of the reptile fauna from the Eocene Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte (Italy) |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=61 |issue=2}}</ref><ref name=":3">The  Bolca  Fossil-Lagerstätten: A  window  into  the  Eocene  World</ref>

=== Pesciara ===
The Pesciara site of Monte Bolca is made up of a sheet-like limestone in the form of an olistolith which has an area of a few hundred square meters and is under 20 m thick. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trevisani |first=Enrico |last2=Papazzoni |first2=Cesare Andrea |last3=Ragazzi |first3=Eugenio |last4=Roghi |first4=Guido |date=August 2005 |title=Early Eocene amber from the “Pesciara di Bolca” (Lessini Mountains, Northern Italy) |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.008 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=223 |issue=3-4 |pages=260–274 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.008 |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Throughout this bed, there are both reef and alveoline limestones which are medium-fine grained. The different limestone beds alternate between the fossiliferous laminites and more course-grained biocalcarenites and biocalcirudites. These more course layers are a lot less fossiliferous though still contain fossils such as foraminifera and mollusks. Most fossils within the Persciara site have been found within five of the levels with the 1st, 2nd, and 5th levels being the most productive. However, due to being completely excavated over the last four centuries, the 5th level is no longer accessible. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Pasini |first=Giovanni |last2=Garassino |first2=Alessandro |last3=De Angeli |first3=Antonio |last4=Hyžný |first4=Matúš |last5=Giusberti |first5=Luca |last6=Zorzin |first6=Roberto |date=2019-09-25 |title=Eocene decapod faunas from the Konservat-Lagerstätten laminites of “Pesciara” (Bolca, Verona) and Monte Postale (Altissimo, Vicenza) in northeast Italy: a review and update |url=https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2019/0840 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=293 |issue=3 |pages=233–270 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2019/0840 |issn=0077-7749}}</ref> Towards the south-east of the deposit, the limestone layers dip at a 24° angle which suggests that the beds slid towards the north-west when they were more plastic. Volcanoclastic rock surrounds the limestone beds and due to this isolation, there has been trouble in understanding the relationship between the Pesciara and Monte Postale sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dal Degan |first=Davide |last2=Barbieri |first2=Simone |date=2005 |title=Rilievo geologico dell'area di Bolca (Monti Lessini orientali) Geological survey of the Bolca area (Eastern Lessini Mountains) |journal=Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia Naturale di Verona |volume=27}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Due to the foraminifera and other fossils found at the site, Pesciara has been assigned to the late Ypresian.<ref name=":02" />

=== Monte Postale ===
The Monte Postale site of Monte Bolca is located north of Pesciara and represents a succession with a thickness of over 130 m. Throughout this complex succession, there are transitions from fine-grained limestones to massive coralgal limestones.<ref name=":02" /> These coralgal limestones are highly abundant in coral colonies and range from weakly to massive stratification. The thicker logs of the coralgal limestones are about 13.7 m in thickness each with the finer-grained logs being thinner. Within all of these logs, there is ''Alveolina'' present however it is much more common in the coarser-grained sediments. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vescogni |first=Alessandro |last2=Bosellini |first2=Francesca R. |last3=Papazzoni |first3=Cesare Andrea |last4=Giusberti |first4=Luca |last5=Roghi |first5=Guido |last6=Fornaciari |first6=Eliana |last7=Dominici |first7=Stefano |last8=Zorzin |first8=Roberto |date=2016-06-02 |title=Coralgal buildups associated with the Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätten: new evidence from the Ypresian of Monte Postale (NE Italy) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-016-0472-x |journal=Facies |volume=62 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s10347-016-0472-x |issn=0172-9179|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Though the site is largely known for the fish and plants found, Monte Postale is also well known for the molluscan fauna located at the uppermost section of the site. Just like Pesciara, the stata of Monte Postale have been dated to the late Ypresian with the upper-most portion of the beds being potentially correlated to the limestones seen at Pesciara.<ref name=":02" />

=== Purga di Bolca and Vegroni ===
Unlike Pesciara and Monte Postale, Purga di Bolca and Vegroni are representative of freshwater to brackish environments. Both localities are within a volcanic cone whose base has been dated to the Ypresian, similar to the other sites of Monte Bolca. Purga di Bolca is made up of silts, clays, and lignites with contain the vertebrates and mollusks of these localities. This locality is preserved as a conical hill and ranges between 10-20 m in thickness. Under these strata there are tuffaceous layers containing palms. The succession between the two is interrupted by layers of basalt. Though the base of the cone date to a similar age to the other sites, this more terrestrial environment is younger than the above mentioned marine strata. The palm beds found in the Vegroni locality have been dated to the early Oligocene while the basaltic layer have been dated to the Bartonian.<ref name=":2" /> The correlation between these more terrestrial and marine faunas have long been problematic.<ref name=":1" />