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==History== [[Image:ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The Morea {{Circa|1265}} in its international context: the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Frankokratia|Frankish states]] of Greece. Map from William R. Shepherd's ''Historical Atlas'' (1911)]] After the conquest of Constantinople by the forces of the [[Fourth Crusade]] (1204), two groups of [[Frankokratia|Franks]] undertook the occupation of the Morea. They created the [[Principality of Achaea]], a largely Greek-inhabited statelet ruled by a Latin (Western) autocrat. In referring to the Peloponnese, they followed local practice and used the name "Morea". The most important prince in the Morea was [[William II Villehardouin|Guillaume II de Villehardouin]] (1246–1278), who fortified [[Mistra]] (Mystras) near the site of [[Sparta]] in 1249. After losing the [[Battle of Pelagonia]] (1259) against the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]] [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]], Guillaume was forced to ransom himself by giving up most of the eastern part of Morea and his newly built strongholds. An initial Byzantine drive to reconquer the entire peninsula failed in the battles of [[Battle of Prinitza|Prinitza]] and [[Battle of Makryplagi|Makryplagi]], and the Byzantines and Franks settled to an uneasy coexistence. In the mid-14th century, the later Byzantine Emperor [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] reorganized Morea into the [[Despotate of the Morea]]. Sons of the emperor with the rank of ''[[despotes]]'' were usually sent to rule the province as an [[appanage]]. By 1430, the Byzantines eventually recovered the remainder of the Frankish part of the Morea, but in 1460 the peninsula was almost completely overrun and conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In these conquests, the coastal and port cities remained in the hands of the Venetians such as [[Monemvasia]], [[Nafpaktos|Lepanto]], [[Methoni, Messenia|Modon]], [[Koroni|Koron]], but these places were captured during the reigns of [[Bayezid II]] and [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Süleyman I]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mora Yarımadası|url=https://ansiklopedika.net/mora-yarimadasi.html|url-status=dead|access-date=24 June 2021|website=[[Ansiklopedika]]|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204330/https://ansiklopedika.net/mora-yarimadasi.html}}</ref> In July 1461, the last holdout, [[Salmeniko Castle]], was taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monemvasia.com |title=Monemvasia |publisher=Monemvasia |date=1941-04-28 |access-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807005020/http://monemvasia.com/ |archive-date=2018-08-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreektravel.com/lakonia/monemvasia.html |title=Monemvasia Lakonia Peloponnese Greece. The travel and holidays guide to Monemvassia in Laconia. Sparti, Gytheio, Mystras, Mani, Elafonissos, Gytheio. Travel greece |publisher=Thegreektravel.com |date=2013-08-26 |access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://katsoulakos.com/mani-history-new.html |title=Welcome to our homepage |publisher=Katsoulakos.com |access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.apodimos.com/arthra/07/Jan/OTTOMAN_in_the_MOREA_in_the_OUTER_MANI/index.htm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110205103/http://www.apodimos.com/arthra/07/Jan/OTTOMAN_in_the_MOREA_in_the_OUTER_MANI/index.htm |date=January 10, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geni.com/people/Thomas-Palaiologos/ |title=Genealogy - Geni - private profile - Genealogy |publisher=Geni |access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofhelleni27sociuoft#page/236/mode/1up |title=The journal of Hellenic studies |access-date=2013-12-03}}</ref> The peninsula was captured for the [[Republic of Venice]] by [[Francesco Morosini]] during the [[Morean War]] of 1684–99. Venetian rule proved unpopular, and the Ottomans recaptured the Morea in a lightning campaign in 1714. Under renewed Ottoman rule, centered at [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripolitsa]], the region enjoyed relative prosperity. The latter 18th century was marked by renewed dissatisfaction. Armed bands of the [[Klepht|klephts]] emerged, undeterred by the brutal repression of the [[Orlov revolt]]. They waged [[guerrilla war]] against the Turks, aided both by the decay of Ottoman power and the emergence of Greek national consciousness. Ultimately, the Morea and its inhabitants provided the cradle and backbone of the [[Greek Revolution]].
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