Editing Motet (section)

==Medieval examples==
{{Medieval music sidebar|expanded=}}

The earliest motets arose in the 13th century from the ''[[organum]]'' tradition exemplified in the [[Notre-Dame school]] of [[Léonin]] and [[Pérotin]].<ref name="NewGrove">Ernest H. Sanders and Peter M. Lefferts, "Motet, §I: Middle Ages", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]] (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref> The motet probably arose from [[Clausula (music)|clausula]] sections in a longer sequence of {{lang|la|organum}}. Clausulae represent brief sections of longer polyphonic settings of chant with a note-against-note texture. In some cases, these sections were composed independently and "substituted" for existing setting. These clausulae could then be "troped," or given new text in the upper part(s), creating motets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flotzinger |first1=Rudolf |author-link1=Rudolf Flotzinger|title=Clausula |website=Grove Music Online |publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005897|access-date=17 November 2018 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05897 |date=2001|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> From these first motets arose a [[medieval music|medieval]] tradition of [[secular]] motets. These were two- to four-part compositions in which different texts, sometimes in different [[vernacular]] languages, were sung simultaneously over a (usually Latin-texted) ''[[cantus firmus]]'' usually adapted from a [[Melisma|melismatic]] passage of [[Gregorian chant]] on a single word or phrase. It is also increasingly argued that the term "motet" could in fact include certain brief single-voice songs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peraino |first1=Judith |title=Monophonic Motets: Sampling and Grafting in the Middle Ages |journal=Musical Quarterly |date=2001 |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=644–680 |doi=10.1093/mq/85.4.644}}</ref> 

The texts of upper voices include subjects as diverse as courtly love odes, pastoral encounters with shepherdesses, political attacks, and many Christian devotions, especially to the Virgin Mary. In many cases, the texts of the upper voices are related to the themes of the chant passage they elaborate on, even in cases where the upper voices are secular in content.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoekstra |first=Gerald R. |date=1998 |title=The French Motet as Trope: Multiple Levels of Meaning in Quant florist la violete / El mois de mai / Et gaudebit |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2886871 |journal=Speculum |language=en |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=32–57 |doi=10.2307/2886871 |jstor=2886871 |s2cid=162143719 |issn=0038-7134|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Most medieval motets are anonymous compositions and significantly re-use music and text. They are transmitted in a number of contexts, and were most popular in northern France. The largest surviving collection is in the [[Montpellier Codex]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolinski |first=Mary E. |date=1992 |title=The Compilation of the Montpellier Codex |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/853818 |journal=Early Music History |volume=11 |pages=263–301 |doi=10.1017/S0261127900001248 |jstor=853818 |s2cid=193246052 |issn=0261-1279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Increasingly in the 14th and 15th centuries, motets made use of repetitive patterns often termed [[isorhythm|panisorhythmic]]; that is, they employed repeated rhythmic patterns in all voices&mdash;not only the ''cantus firmus''&mdash;which did not necessarily coincide with repeating melodic patterns. [[Philippe de Vitry]] was one of the earliest composers to use this technique, and his work evidently had an influence on that of [[Guillaume de Machaut]], one of the most famous named composers of late medieval motets.

===Medieval composers===
Other medieval motet composers include:

* [[Adam de la Halle]] (1237?–1288? or after 1306)
* [[Johannes Ciconia]] (c. 1370–1412)
* [[Guillaume Du Fay]] (1397-1474)
* [[John Dunstaple]] (c. 1390–1453)
* [[Franco of Cologne]] (fl. mid-13th century)
* [[Jacopo da Bologna]] (fl. 1340–1385)
* [[Marchetto da Padova]] (fl. 1305–1319)
* [[Petrus de Cruce]] (fl. second half of the 13th century)
* [[W. de Wycombe]] (fl. 1270s)