Editing Mount Merapi (section)

==History==
{{Update|date=November 2020}}

===Geological history===
[[File:Prambanan Java243.jpg|thumb|right|Mount Merapi viewed from 9th-century [[Prambanan]] Hindu temple, built during [[Mataram Kingdom]] era]]
Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern [[Java]]. It is situated at a [[subduction]] zone, where the [[Indo-Australian plate]] is subducting under the [[Sunda plate]]. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia.<ref name="StraitsTimes" /> Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the out flowing [[lava]] emitted was [[basalt]]ic. Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous [[andesite|andesitic]] lavas often generating [[lava dome]]s. Dome collapse has often generated [[pyroclastic flow]]s, and larger explosions, which have resulted in [[eruption column]]s, have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gertisser|first1=R.|last2=Charbonnier|first2=S. J.|last3=Troll|first3=V. R.|last4=Keller|first4=J.|last5=Preece|first5=K.|last6=Chadwick|first6=J. P.|last7=Barclay|first7=J.|last8=Herd|first8=R. A.|year=2011|title=Merapi (Java, Indonesia): anatomy of a killer volcano|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00786.x|journal=Geology Today|language=en|volume=27|issue=2|pages=57–62|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00786.x|bibcode=2011GeolT..27...57G|s2cid=128763644|issn=1365-2451|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628174603/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2011.00786.x|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in the latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows.
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Uitbarsting van de Merapi in 1930 TMnr 10003995.jpg|thumb|Merapi in 1930]]
The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with [[Volcanic ash|ash]]. The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the [[Hindu]] [[Kingdom of Mataram]]; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated.

===2006 eruption===
In April, increased [[seismicity]] at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of {{cvt|400|m|ft}}, compared to {{cvt|75|m|ft}} the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news/&articleid=269888|author=Sapa-dpa|title=Indonesian volcano ready to blow|work=Mail & Guardian|date=23 April 2006|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522023706/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=269888&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__international_news%2F|archive-date=22 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area<ref>{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Rachel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4971844.stm|title=Lava flows from Indonesia volcano|date=4 May 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4971844.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4767805.stm|title=Red alert for Indonesia volcano|date=13 May 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=29 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029054204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4767805.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft.<ref name="StraitsTimes" /> Activity calmed by the middle of May.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4985086.stm|title=Java volcano activity quietens|date=16 May 2006|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221141241/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4985086.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 May, a [[2006 Yogyakarta earthquake|6.3 magnitude earthquake]] struck roughly {{cvt|50|km|mi}} southwest of Merapi,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Troll|first1=Valentin R.|last2=Chadwick|first2=Jane P.|last3=Jolis|first3=Ester M.|last4=Deegan|first4=Frances M.|last5=Hilton|first5=David R.|last6=Schwarzkopf|first6=Lothar M.|last7=Blythe|first7=Lara S.|last8=Zimmer|first8=Martin|year=2013|title=Crustal volatile release at Merapi volcano; the 2006 earthquake and eruption events|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12008|journal=Geology Today|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=96–101|doi=10.1111/gto.12008|bibcode=2013GeolT..29...96T|s2cid=128888819|issn=1365-2451|access-date=3 February 2021|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035134/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12008|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the [[Yogyakarta]] region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-Indonesia-Earthquake.html Earthquake Leaves Thousands Dead in Indonesia]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, NY Times, 27 May 2006 URL Accessed 27 May 2006</ref> The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Donoghue|first1=E.|last2=Troll|first2=V. R.|last3=Schwarzkopf|first3=L. M.|last4=Clayton|first4=G.|last5=Goodhue|first5=R.|date=January 2009|title=Organic block coatings in block-and-ash flow deposits at Merapi Volcano, central Java|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/organic-block-coatings-in-blockandash-flow-deposits-at-merapi-volcano-central-java/658564F6500003A2604466A0BF2A2503|journal=Geological Magazine|language=en|volume=146|issue=1|pages=113–120|doi=10.1017/S0016756808005359|bibcode=2009GeoM..146..113D|s2cid=129715352|issn=1469-5081|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107082410/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/organic-block-coatings-in-blockandash-flow-deposits-at-merapi-volcano-central-java/658564F6500003A2604466A0BF2A2503|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> a location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi.<ref>.[http://www.breakingnews.ie/2006/06/06/story262155.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180632/http://www.breakingnews.ie/2006/06/06/story262155.html|date=30 September 2007}}, BreakingNews.ie, 6 June 2006 URL Accessed 6 June 2006</ref> The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption.

===2010 eruption===
{{Main|2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi}}

[[File:Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the 2010 Eruptions of Mount Merapi.jpg|thumb|Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the 2010 eruptions]]

In late October, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (''Indonesian language''—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.

Observers at Babadan {{cvt|7|km}} west and [[Kaliurang]] {{cvt|8|km}} south of the mountain reported hearing an [[avalanche]] on 12 September. On 13 September, white plumes were observed rising {{cvt|800|m}} above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of {{cvt|0.1|mm}} to {{cvt|0.3|mm}} per day to a rate of {{cvt|11|mm}} per day on 16 September. On 19 September, earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4).<ref>'[http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=weekly#Sep2010 Global Volcanism Program, SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports Merapi, 22–28 September 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804074541/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-25=&volpage=weekly#Sep2010 |date=4 August 2020 }}. Retrieved 26 October 2010</ref> Lava from Mount Merapi in [[Central Java]] began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent [[volcanic eruption|eruption]].<ref name="Malik2010-10-24" />

On 25 October, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a {{cvt|10|km}} zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities.<ref name="thenews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/3748.htm|title=Indonesia volcano death toll rises to 25: officials|date=27 October 2010|work=The News International|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=25 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125084950/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/3748.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the [[magma]] had risen to about {{cvt|1|km|ft}} below the surface due to the seismic activity<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617502|title=Highest alert issued for Indonesia's Merapi volcano|publisher=BBC News|date=25 October 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-date=26 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026053613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617502|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872<ref name=bknpb1>{{cite news|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129|title=Rekor Baru Letusan Merapi|publisher=Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana-Indonesian Disaster Management Office|author=BNPB|language=id|date=9 November 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122335/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=129|url-status=live}}</ref> on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101110/wl_afp/indonesiavolcano;_ylt=Atrp1gonuAiD7VkzJPv66p4Bxg8F;_ylu=X3oDMTJvMjhlczhoBGFzc2V0A2FmcC8yMDEwMTExMC9pbmRvbmVzaWF2b2xjYW5vBHBvcwMyNQRzZWMDeW5fcGFnaW5hdGVfc3VtbWFyeV9saXN0BHNsawNpbmRvbmVzaWF2b2w-|title=Indonesia volcano eruption slows|date=10 November 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Yahoo news|access-date=10 November 2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano|title=Death toll from Indonesian volcano rises to 153|publisher=Yahoo News per Associated Press|agency=Associated Press|date=9 November 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=12 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112220426/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101109/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_volcano|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano.<ref name="CVGHM PVMBG">{{cite web|url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:laporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49:merapi|title=Laporan aktivitas G. Merapi tanggal 18 November 2010 pukul 00:00 sampai dengan pukul 12:00 WIB-''Activity report Merapi on 18 November 2010 at 00:00 until 12:00&nbsp;pm''|date=18 November 2010|publisher=CVGHM (PVMBG)|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716132330/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94%3Alaporan-aktivitas-g-merapi-tanggal-18-november-2010-pukul-0000-sampai-dengan-pukul-1200-wib&catid=49%3Amerapi|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jakarta Globe from Antara">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120|title=Indonesia's Merapi Back to Its Belching Ways, Spewing Rocks in New Direction|work=Jakarta Globe|date=17 November 2010|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119105652/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/indonesias-merapi-back-to-its-belching-ways-spewing-rocks-in-new-direction/407120|archive-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275.<ref name="thejakartapost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/18/death-toll-fromindonesia039s-volcano-climbs-275.html|title=Death toll from Indonesia's volcano climbs to 275|date=18 November 2010|publisher=Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta|access-date=19 November 2010|archive-date=2 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202120048/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/18/death-toll-fromindonesia039s-volcano-climbs-275.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes.<ref name="thejakartaglobe">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410|title=Death Toll in Merapi Eruptions Climbs to 324|date=25 November 2010|work=Jakarta Globe|access-date=26 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127200930/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/death-toll-in-merapi-eruptions-climbs-to-324/408410|archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang.<ref name="thejakartaglobe" /> By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/indonesia-downgrades-danger-level-of-mount-merapi-1.582006|title=Indonesia downgrades danger level of Mount Merapi|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta|access-date=12 June 2010|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220035103/http://www.ctvnews.ca/indonesia-downgrades-danger-level-of-mount-merapi-1.582006|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. At 09.00&nbsp;am that day, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of {{cvt|2.5|km}} radius.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218|title=Status Merapi turun ke level3|date=12 March 2010|publisher=Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721122143/http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=218|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2018 eruption===

A [[phreatic eruption]] began on the morning of 11 May, prompting the evacuation of areas within a {{cvt|5|km|adj=mid}} radius of the volcano. [[Adisutjipto International Airport]] in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2018|title=Indonesia evacuates residents, shuts airport after Java volcano erupts|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-volcano/indonesia-evacuates-residents-shuts-airport-after-java-volcano-erupts-idUSKBN1IC0CI|work=Reuters|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511064309/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-volcano/indonesia-evacuates-residents-shuts-airport-after-java-volcano-erupts-idUSKBN1IC0CI|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Moses Ompusunggu|author2=Ganug Nugroho Adi|date=11 May 2018|title=Mount Merapi erupts, residents told to evacuate|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/11/mountain-merapi-erupts-residents-told-to-evacuate.html|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=11 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 May 2018|title=Gunung Merapi erupts again|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/05/11/08351941/gunung-merapi-kembali-meletus|publisher=Kompas|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511220155/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2018/05/11/08351941/gunung-merapi-kembali-meletus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=23 November 2020|title=Merapi: Dome growth continues|url=http://www.volcanoes.de/2020/11/23/merapi-dome-growth-continues/|publisher=Marc Szeglat|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=10 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510035142/http://www.volcanoes.de/2020/11/23/merapi-dome-growth-continues/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2021 eruption===

Eruptions started on 4 January causing evacuations of the Yogyakarta region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hundreds evacuated as Indonesian volcano spews hot clouds|date=7 January 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hundreds-evacuated-indonesia-s-mount-merapi-volcano-spews-hot-clouds-n1253330|access-date=7 January 2021|publisher=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193008/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hundreds-evacuated-indonesia-s-mount-merapi-volcano-spews-hot-clouds-n1253330|url-status=live}}</ref> The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia: Hundreds evacuated as Mount Merapi spews hot clouds|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/indonesia-hundreds-evacuated-as-mount-merapi-spews-hot-clouds|access-date=7 January 2021|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107135657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/indonesia-hundreds-evacuated-as-mount-merapi-spews-hot-clouds|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 March, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews ash, debris in new eruption|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-merapi-volcano-spew-ash-debris-eruption-yogyakarta-14505150|access-date=1 April 2021|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327103508/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/indonesia-merapi-volcano-spew-ash-debris-eruption-yogyakarta-14505150|url-status=live}}</ref> Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano.<ref name='August8'>{{Cite web|last=Riyadi|first=Slamet|date=9 August 2021|title=Indonesian volcano churns out fresh clouds of ash, lava|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-environment-and-nature-indonesia-5c915f2d217716c66b64147b669f8401|url-status=live|work=Associated Press News|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809220224/https://apnews.com/article/science-environment-and-nature-indonesia-5c915f2d217716c66b64147b669f8401}}</ref> On 16 August, the volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash.<ref name='NDTV' />

On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2&nbsp;km.<ref name="VOI 1">{{cite news|title=Merapi Launches Hot Clouds Fall For 2.2&nbsp;km To Bebeng River|url=https://voi.id/en/news/112441/merapi-launches-hot-clouds-fall-for-22-km-to-bebeng-river|access-date=9 December 2021|agency=VOI.id|date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209124056/https://voi.id/en/news/112441/merapi-launches-hot-clouds-fall-for-22-km-to-bebeng-river|url-status=live}}</ref> This comes just as [[2021 Semeru eruption|Mount Semeru erupted]] in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people.

===2023 eruption===
An eruption started on 11 March at around 12 p.m. local time ([[Western Indonesia Time]], GMT+7). A lava flow up to 7 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters high were observed. Local authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts, spews hot cloud|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-merapi-volcano-erupts-spews-hot-cloud-2023-03-11/|date=11 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|work=Reuters|first=Bernadette|last=Christina}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's Merapi volcano spews hot clouds in new eruption|url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-merapi-volcano-eruption-a827c3f693666c467b298bac3355a166|date=11 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|work=Associated Press News|first=Slamet|last=Riyadi}}</ref>

===2024 eruption===
An eruption occurred on 19 January starting at 6:59&nbsp;a.m. local time, with six pyroclastic flows reaching up to 2 kilometers being recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mt. Merapi spews six hot cloud avalanches on Friday morning|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/303429/mt-merapi-spews-six-hot-cloud-avalanches-on-friday-morning|date=19 January 2024|access-date=21 January 2024|work=Antara}}</ref> On 21 January, the volcano emitted a lava flow up to 2 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters. Authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's Mount Merapi unleashes lava as other volcanoes flare up, forcing thousands to evacuate|url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-mount-merapi-eruption-e2b8803db1766d91b14da1173e4d9706|date=21 January 2024|access-date=21 January 2024|work=Associated Press News|first=Slamet|last=Riyadi}}</ref>