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==Musketeers in early modern Europe== Musketeers are primarily associated with infantry in early modern Europe, and were employed by many European nations. ===Spain=== [[File:1650 - tercio arquebuse2.jpg|thumb|A ''[[tercio]]'' musketeer c. 1650|247x247px]] In the [[Spanish army]], the ''[[tercio]]'' or the ''Spanish square'' was a mixed infantry formation that theoretically could number up to 3,000 pikemen, swordsmen and musketeers; although it was usually much smaller on the battlefield. It was effective in its era, capitalizing on the close-quarter impact of the pike combined with the long-range projectile capabilities of the musket. It resembled a loosely formed [[phalanx formation|phalanx]] in function, but was far more flexible and deadly. Musketeers were developed by the Spanish during the [[Italian Wars]] so as to deal with the [[Plate armour|heavily armored]] [[Gendarme (historical)|French Gendarmes]]. An [[arquebus]] was not powerful enough to take down an armored knight, but a [[wall gun]] was. Spanish field commanders wanted to bring the firepower of a small wall gun onto the battlefield yet have it be as maneuverable as an arquebus. The solution was a bigger arquebus, but the additional weight made it extremely difficult to support the barrel during aiming and firing; hence, the musket rest, the precursor to the [[Weapon mount#Monopod|monopod]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marek y Villarino de Brugge |first1=Don André |title=Discourse on Spanish Musketry in the Late 16th Century |date=2022 |edition=Revised |page=19 |location=Norwalk |isbn=979-8429737126 }}</ref> Furthermore, musketeers were the first infantry to give up armor entirely.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marek y Villarino de Brugge |first1=Don André |title=Discourse on Spanish Musketry in the Late 16th Century |date=2022 |edition=Revised |page=43 |location=Norwalk |isbn=979-8429737126 }}</ref> Other than the musket rest, the musketeer's equipage was upgraded from a powder flask to a [[bandolier]]. Due to the difficulty in manipulating the musket rest and the strength needed to handle the heavier gun, musketeers were stronger men and paid more than the rest of the infantry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road |date=1972 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=274 }}</ref> ===France=== [[File:Mousquetaires du roi.jpg|thumb|Uniforms of Musketeers of the Guard, 1660–1814]] The [[Musketeers of the Guard]] were a junior unit, initially of roughly company strength, of the [[military branch]] of the [[Maison du Roi|Royal Household]]. They were created in 1622 when [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] furnished a company of [[light cavalry]] (the "[[Carabinier#French Carabiniers-à-Cheval|carabiniers]]", created by Louis' father [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]) with muskets. Musketeers fought in battle both on foot as infantry and on horseback as [[dragoons]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Rene |last=Chartrand |pages=8, 15 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2013 |title=French Musketeer 1622–1775 |isbn=9781780968612}}</ref> At the [[Battle of Fontenoy]] in 1745 the King's Musketeers served as regular cavalry, charging British infantry with drawn swords. As one of the junior units in the Royal Guard, the Musketeers were not closely linked to the royal family. Traditional bodyguard duties were in fact performed by the {{lang|fr|[[Garde du Corps (France)|Garde du Corps]]}} and the {{lang|fr|[[Swiss Guards|Cent-suisses]]}}. Because of its later establishment, the Musketeers were open to the lower classes of French nobility or younger sons from noble families whose oldest sons served in the more prestigious {{lang|fr|Garde du Corps}} and {{lang|fr|Chevau-legers}} (Light Horse). The Musketeers, many of them still teenagers, soon gained a reputation for fighting spirit and unruly behaviour.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last=Chartrand|pages=22–23|title=French Musketeer 1622–1775|date= 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-78096-861-2}}</ref> Their high esprit de corps gained royal favor for the Musketeers, and they were frequently seen at court and in Paris. Shortly after their creation, [[Cardinal Richelieu]] created a bodyguard unit for himself. So as not to offend the king with a perceived sense of self-importance, Richelieu did not name them Garde du Corps like the king's personal guards, but rather Musketeers after the Kings' junior guard cavalry. This was the start of a bitter rivalry between the two corps of Musketeers. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successor [[Cardinal Mazarin]]. At Mazarin's death in 1661, the Cardinal's Musketeers passed to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], contrary to the wishes of both the King's Musketeers and the Cardinal's Musketeers themselves. The Musketeers were subsequently reorganized as a guard cavalry regiment of two companies. The King's Musketeers became the first company, popularly known as "Grey Musketeers" ({{lang|fr|mousquetaires gris}}), while the Cardinal's Musketeers became the second company, known as "Black Musketeers" ({{lang|fr|mousquetaires noirs}}) for riding grey and black horses, respectively. From their establishment, the musketeers wore blue cloak-like cassocks, lined with red and edged with silver embroidery. From 1688, the cassocks were replaced by smaller {{lang|fr|soubrevestes}} or sleeveless coats in the same colours. In the early decades of the corps, the musketeers had worn civilian dress under their cassocks, according to personal taste and means, but in 1677 a scarlet uniform was adopted.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last=Chartrand |page=40 |title=French Musketeer 1622–1775 |isbn=9781780968612 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2013}}</ref> [[File:Statue d'Artagnan Paris.jpg|thumb|[[D'Artagnan]]'s monument in Paris]] In terms of recruitment, entry into the Musketeers was much sought after by those sons of the aristocracy who did not possess the [[Quarters of nobility|quarterings of nobility]] required for the {{lang|fr|Garde du Corps}} and {{lang|fr|Chevau-legers}}.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last=Chartrand|page=18|title=French Musketeer 1622–1775|date= 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-78096-861-2}}</ref> These two senior guard units were closed to all but the highest ranking and wealthy noble families. Accordingly for lesser gentry, or ambitious commoners, service in the Musketeers was the only way to join a mounted unit in the royal household and perhaps catch the King's eye. However, enlistment did require both letters of recommendation and evidence that a recruit had the family means to support the costs of service. These included the provision of horses, swords, clothing, a servant and equipment. Only the musket, the sleeveless soubreveste and the distinctive blue cassock were provided by the monarch.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last=Chartrand|pages=23, 28|title=French Musketeer 1622–1775|date= 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-78096-861-2}}</ref> In 1776, the Musketeers were disbanded by [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] for budgetary reasons. Following the first Bourbon Restoration, the Musketeers were reestablished on 6 July 1814 along with the other military units of the former royal household. These expensive and aristocratic regiments proved ineffective when [[Napoleon]] returned from Elba, mostly dispersing, though some accompanied [[Louis XVIII]] into brief exile. Following the second restoration of the monarchy, the Musketeers were finally disbanded on 31 December 1815.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last=Chartrand|page=23|title=French Musketeer 1622–1775|date= 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-78096-861-2}}</ref> Decades later, starting in 1844, this group was the subject of the now-famous serial publication ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'', first published in the magazine {{lang|fr|Le Siècle}} between March and July 1844. The author, [[Alexandre Dumas, père]], based his work on the book {{lang|fr|Mémoires de [[Monsieur d'Artagnan]], capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi}} (''Memoirs of Mister d'Artagnan, lieutenant captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers'') by [[Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras]] (Cologne, 1700),<ref>{{cite book|first=Rene|last=Chartrand|pages=6–7|title=French Musketeer 1622–1775|date= 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-78096-861-2}}</ref> a fictionalized account of the life of [[Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan]] (c. 1611–1673). Other musketeers served as inspirations for some of the other characters. [[Isaac de Porthau]] (1617–1712) was the inspiration for Dumas's character [[Porthos]]. Jean-Armand du Peyrer, [[Comte de Troisville]] (1598–1672), was fictionalized as Monsieur de Tréville. Other Musketeers include: * [[Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars]] (died 1708), better known as the jailor of the [[Man in the Iron Mask]] * [[Pierre de Montesquiou d'Artagnan]] (1640–1725), later a Marshal of France * [[Jean-François Leriget de La Faye]] (1674–1731) * [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon]] (1675–1755) * [[Germain-François Poullain de Saint-Foix]] (1698–1776), later a writer and playwright * [[Thomas de Treil de Pardailhan]] (1754–1822) * [[François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny]] (1737–1821), later a Marshal of France * [[Alexandre de Beauharnais]] (1760–1794), first husband of the future Empress Josephine * [[Charles Sevin de Quincy]] (1660–1738), ''sous-brigadier des mousquetaires noirs'' (1689), later lieutenant-general and historian[[File:Jacob de Gheyn - Wapenhandelinge 4.jpg|thumb|A Dutch musketeer, holding a [[musket]]; painting by [[Jacob de Gheyn II|Jacob van Gheyn]] in 1608]] === Netherlands === Muskets began to appear in the Netherlands in the mid-16th century, during a time of growing conflict between the Dutch provinces and Spanish rule. These early firearms were matchlock muskets, which required a burning match to ignite the gunpowder. The Dutch rebels, also known as the [[Geuzen]], adapted muskets for their guerrilla tactics during the early phases of the [[Eighty Years' War]]. A pivotal figure in the development of musket tactics in the Netherlands was [[Maurice, Prince of Orange|Maurice of Nassau]], the Dutch military commander and prince who led the Dutch forces during much of the war. By the late 17th century, musket technology continued to evolve, with flintlock mechanisms gradually replacing the older matchlock designs. The Dutch military adapted these newer technologies but also faced increasing challenges from other European powers like France and England. ===Sweden=== [[Swedish allotment system|Thanks to the reforms]] of [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustav II Adolf]], the [[Swedish Army]] brought to maturity the new style of fighting that made Sweden into a great power in the 17th century. This style of fighting became the new standard throughout Europe and its colonies in the latter stages of musket dominated warfare. Manuals based on Gustav's own revolutionised the training and tactics of western armies.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} ===Britain=== [[File:An heraldic supporter. A Pikeman of the Honourable Artillery Company, in sand.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A heraldic supporter: a musketeer of the [[Honourable Artillery Company]], in sand, 19th century]] The iconic "[[Red coat (British army)|Redcoat]]" of the [[British Empire]] was the staple unit in the British armies that created the largest empire in history. The British infantryman was equipped with the .75 calibre [[Land Pattern Musket]], or Brown Bess. He was well trained by the standards of the time, training with live ammunition. A fully trained redcoat could fire four times a minute. This, combined with the technique of firing by companies (a method wherein blocks of men fired smaller volleys in succession, creating a wave of fire down the front of the regiment), made it possible for the British musketeer to win pitched battles against superior numbers.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} The term "musketeer" was rarely used in the titles of regiments. Examples include the [[106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)]], the [[110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)]] and the [[112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers)]], all raised and disbanded in the 1760s. The musket was withdrawn from service with the British Army in 1854, replaced by the muzzle-loading [[Minié rifle]], which had an accurate range of over three times that of the Brown Bess which it replaced.<ref>R. M. Barnes, ''A History of the Regiments & Uniforms of the British Army'', Sphere Books, p. 95.</ref>
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