Editing Mygalomorphae (section)

==Taxonomy==
The name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''mygalē'', meaning "shrew", plus ''morphē'' meaning form or shape.<ref name="OxfDict" /> An older name for the group is '''Orthognatha''', derived from the orientation of the [[Cheliceral fang|fang]]s which point straight down and do not cross each other (as they do in the [[Araneomorphae|araneomorphs]]).

===Evolution===
[[Image:Sphodros rufines.JPG|thumb|''[[Sphodros rufipes]]'', an [[Atypidae|atypical mygalomorph]]]]

''[[Megarachne servinei]]'' was thought to be a giant mygalomorph from the [[Upper Carboniferous]] (about 350&nbsp;million years ago), but was later found to be a [[eurypterid]].<ref name=SeldCorrHuni05/> The oldest known mygalomorph is ''[[Rosamygale grauvogeli]]'' , an avicularoid from the [[Triassic]] of northeastern France. No mygalomorphs from the [[Jurassic]] have yet been found.<ref name=SeldDacoVian05/>

The number of families and their relationships have both been undergoing substantial changes since a cladogram showing family relationships was published in 2005,<ref name=Codd05/> with two significant studies in 2018.<ref name=HediDerkRamiVink18/><ref name=GodwOpatGarrHami18/> The division of Mygalomorphae into two superfamilies, [[Atypoidea]] and [[Avicularioidea]], has been established in many studies. The Atypoidea retain some vestiges of abdominal segmentation in the form of dorsal [[Tergum|tergite]]s; the Avicularioidea lack these. [[Molecular phylogeny|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies undertaken between 2012 and 2017 have found somewhat different relationships within the Avicularioidea. Some families appear not to be [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] and further changes are possible in the future.<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/> ''Rosamygale'' belongs to Avicularioidea, based on the absence of an abdominal [[Glossary of spider terms#S|scutum]] and well-separated posterior lateral spinnerets.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Magalhaes |first1=Ivan L.F. |last2=Azevedo |first2=Guilherme H.F. |last3=Michalik |first3=Peter |last4=Ramírez |first4=Martín J. |year=2020 |title=The fossil record of spiders revisited: Implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=184–217 |doi=10.1111/brv.12559 |pmid=31713947 |s2cid=207937170 |issn=1464-7931 |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12559|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Mygalomorphae tend to be highly morphologically conserved, which makes it difficult to find reliable morphological features to use for taxonomy. It has been hypothesized that because Mygalomorphae all tend to be [[fossorial]] and live in tubular webs, they are subjected to similar selective pressures, so most species should evolve in similar ways. Additionally, this may also mean that [[Homoplasy|homoplasies]] are more likely to occur, further complicating taxonomy based on morphology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bond |first1=Jason E. |last2=Hedin |first2=Marshal |date=2006-10-01 |title=A total evidence assessment of the phylogeny of North American euctenizine trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) using Bayesian inference |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=70–85 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.026 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=16857391 |bibcode=2006MolPE..41...70B |language=en |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790306001722|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
The relationships of taxa in the Mygalomorphae were restructured based on a comprehensive phylogenetic study by Opatova ''et al''. (2020)<ref name=Opat20/> The generic composition of the families Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae were relimited. Five subfamilies were raised to the rank of family: Anamidae, Euagridae, Ischnothelidae, Pycnothelidae, and Bemmeridae. Three new families were created: Entypesidae, Microhexuridae, and Stasimopidae. Lastly, a new subfamily, Australothelinae, was generated and placed in the family Euagridae.

The preferred [[cladogram]] from Optova et al. (2020) is:<ref name=Opat20/>
{{clade
|label1=Mygalomorphae
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Atypoidea]]
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Hexurellidae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Mecicobothriidae]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Atypidae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Megahexuridae]]
               |2=[[Antrodiaetidae]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |label2=[[Avicularioidea]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Ischnothelidae]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Microhexuridae]]
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Hexathelidae]]
               |2=[[Euagridae]]
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Porrhothelidae]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Macrothelidae]]
                  |label2=[[Bipectina]]
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Paratropididae]]
                     |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |1={{clade
                              |1=[[Stasimopidae]]
                              |label2=Venom Clade
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Atracidae]]
                                 |2=[[Actinopodidae]]
                                 }}
                              }}
                           |label2=[[Domiothelina]]
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=[[Halonoproctidae]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Migidae]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                     |1=[[Idiopidae]]
                                     |2={{clade
                                        |1=[[Ctenizidae]]
                                        |2=[[Euctenizidae]]
                                        }}
                                     }}
                                  }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        |label2=[[Crassitarsae]]
                        |2={{clade
                           |label1=[[Theraphosoidina]]
                           |1={{clade
                              |1=[[Bemmeridae]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Barychelidae]]
                                 |2=[[Theraphosidae]]
                                 }}
                              }}
                           |label2="[[Nemesioidina]]"
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=[[Nemesiidae]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Pycnothelidae]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1={{clade
                                       |1=[[Dipluridae]]
                                       |2=[[Cyrtaucheniidae]]
                                       }}
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1=[[Anamidae]]
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=[[Entypesidae]]
                                          |2=[[Microstigmatidae]]
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Families===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|Genera||bgcolor="lightblue" | 1 || bgcolor="lightgreen" | ≥2 || bgcolor="#FFA" | ≥10 || bgcolor="pink" | ≥100
|-
|Species||bgcolor="lightblue" | 1–9 || bgcolor="lightgreen" | ≥10 || bgcolor="#FFA" | ≥100 || bgcolor="pink" | ≥1000
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mygalomorphae families{{efn|name=Note1|Unless otherwise shown, currently accepted families and counts based on the [[World Spider Catalog]] version 25.5 {{as of|lc=yes|2025|2|8}}.<ref name=WSC_stats>{{citation |mode=cs1 |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=https://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ |access-date=2025-02-08 }}</ref> In the World Spider Catalog, "species" counts include subspecies. Assignment to sub- and infraorders based on {{Harvtxt|Coddington|2005|p=20}} (when given there).}}

|-
!Family||Genera||Species||Common name||Example

|-
|colspan=5|'''[[Atypoidea]]:'''<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/>

|-
|[[Antrodiaetidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|37||folding trapdoor spiders ||''[[Atypoides riversi]]''
|-
|[[Atypidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|56||atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders ||''[[Sphodros rufipes]]'' (red legged purseweb spider)
|-
|[[Hexurellidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|8|| ||''[[Hexurella pinea]]''
|-
|[[Mecicobothriidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|2||dwarf tarantulas or sheet funnel-web spiders||''[[Mecicobothrium thorelli]]''
|-
|[[Megahexuridae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|1|| ||''[[Megahexura fulva]]''

|-
|colspan=5|'''[[Avicularioidea]]:'''<ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16/>

|-
|[[Actinopodidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="#FFA"|125|| ||''[[Missulena bradleyi]]'' (Eastern mouse spider)
|-
|[[Anamidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="#FFA"|143|| ||''[[Aname diversicolor]]'' (black wishbone spider)
|-
|[[Atracidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||bgcolor="lightgreen"|38||Australian funnel-web spiders||''Atrax robustus'' ([[Sydney funnel-web spider]])
|-
|[[Barychelidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|39||bgcolor="#FFA"|284||brushed trapdoor spiders ||''[[Sason sundaicum]]''
|-
|[[Bemmeridae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|50|| ||''[[Spiroctenus personatus]]''
|-
|[[Ctenizidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightblue"|5||cork-lid trapdoor spiders ||''[[Cteniza sauvagesi]]''
|-
|[[Cyrtaucheniidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|6||bgcolor="#FFA"|109||wafer-lid trapdoor spiders || 
|-
|[[Dipluridae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="#FFA"|146||curtain-web spiders||''[[Diplura lineata]]''
|-
|[[Entypesidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|41|| ||''[[Entypesa andohahela]]''
|-
|[[Euagridae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|14||bgcolor="lightgreen"|87|| ||''[[Euagrus formosanus]]''
|-
|[[Euctenizidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|8||bgcolor="lightgreen"|78|| ||''[[Aptostichus simus]]''
|-
|[[Halonoproctidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|6||bgcolor="#FFA"|141|| ||''[[Bothriocyrtum californicum]]'' (California trapdoor spider)
|-
|[[Hexathelidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|7||bgcolor="lightgreen"|45||(Australian) funnel-web spiders||''[[Hexathele hochstetteri]]''
|-
|[[Idiopidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|23||bgcolor="#FFA"|446||armored trapdoor spiders||''[[Idiosoma nigrum]]'' (black rugose trapdoor spider)
|-
|[[Ischnothelidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|5||bgcolor="lightgreen"|26|| ||''[[Ischnothele caudata]]''
|-
|[[Macrothelidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|55|| ||''[[Macrothele calpeiana]]'' (Spanish funnel-web spider)
|-
|[[Microhexuridae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|2|| ||''Microhexura montivaga'' ([[Spruce-fir moss spider]])
|-
|[[Microstigmatidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="lightgreen"|38|| ||''[[Envia garciai]]''
|-
|[[Migidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|11||bgcolor="#FFA"|104||tree trapdoor spiders ||''[[Calathotarsus simoni]]''
|-
|[[Nemesiidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|10||bgcolor="#FFA"|188|| ||''[[Aname atra]]'' (black wishbone spider)
|-
|[[Paratropididae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|4||bgcolor="lightgreen"|26||baldlegged spiders ||''[[Paratropis tuxtlensis]]''
|-
|[[Porrhothelidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightblue"|5|| ||''[[Porrhothele antipodiana]]'' (black tunnelweb spider)
|-
|[[Pycnothelidae]]||bgcolor="#FFA"|15||bgcolor="#FFA"|140|| ||''[[Stanwellia hoggi]]''
|-
|[[Rhytidicolidae]]||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||bgcolor="lightgreen"|15|| ||''[[Fufius lucasae]]''
|-
|[[Stasimopidae]]||bgcolor="lightblue"|1||bgcolor="lightgreen"|56|| ||''[[Stasimopus mandelai]]''
|-
|[[Theraphosidae]]||bgcolor="pink"|172||bgcolor="pink"|1133||tarantulas ||''Theraphosa blondi'' ([[Goliath birdeater]])
|}

===Historical classification===
In 1802, [[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|C. A. Walckenaer]] separated mygalomorph spiders into a separate [[genus]], ''Mygale'', leaving all other spiders in [[Araneus|''Aranea'']]

In 1985, [[Robert Raven]] published a monograph of the Mygalomorphae in which he proposed an internal classification for the Mygalomorphae, based on morphological features. Opatova ''et al''. (2020) commented "In short, much of today's classification scheme dates back to Raven (1985)".<ref name=Opat20/> Raven used various compound ranks, such as "gigapicoorder" and "hyperpicoorder". Ignoring these unusual rank names, his classification can be shown diagrammatically:<ref name=Rave85/>
{{clade
|1={{clade
   |label1=Tuberculotae
   |1={{clade
      |label1=Mecicobothrioidina
      |1={{clade
         |1=Mecicobothriidae
         |2=Microstigmatidae
         }}
      |label2=Orthopalpae
      |2={{clade
         |label1=Hexatheloidina
         |1=Hexathelidae
         |label2=Quadrithelina
         |2={{clade
            |label1=Dipluroida
            |1=Dipluridae
            |label2=Crassitarsae
            |2={{clade
               |label1=Nemesioida
               |1=Nemesiidae
               |label2=Theraphosoidina
               |2={{clade
                  |label1=Superfamily Theraphosoidea
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=Theraphosidae
                     |2=Paratropididae
                     }}
                  |label2=Superfamily Barycheloidea
                  |2=Barychelidae
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |label2=Fornicephalae
   |2={{clade
      |label1=Atypoidina
      |1={{clade
         |1=Atypidae
         |2=Antrodiaetidae
         }}
      |label2=Rastelloidina
      |2={{clade
         |label1=Cyrtaucheniina
         |1=Cyrtaucheniidae
         |label2=Domiothelina
         |2={{clade
            |label1=Idiopina
            |1=Idiopidae
            |label2=Ctenizoidina
            |2={{clade
               |label1=Superfamily Ctenizoidea
               |1=Ctenizidae
               |label2=Superfamily Migoidea
               |2={{clade
                  |1=Migidae
                  |2=Actinopodidae
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
Subsequent research, largely based on [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies, has not upheld some of Raven's groupings. In particular his primary division between Tuberculotae and Fornicephalae has been replaced by a very different division between Atypoidea (expanded from Raven's Atypoidina) and Avicularioidea, which has no counterpart in his system. As another example, the families Mecicobothriidae and Microstigmatidae, which Raven placed in Mecicobothrioidina (a "gigapicoorder"), are now placed very far apart in the Atypoidea and Avicularioidea respectively. Other groups, such as Crassitarsae and Domiothelina, are more recognizable, allowing for some changes in family [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]].<ref name=Opat20/>