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Nanorobotics
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==Legal and ethical implications== ===Open technology=== A document with a proposal on nanobiotech development using [[open design]] technology methods, as in [[open-source hardware]] and [[open-source software]], has been addressed to the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cavalcanti, A. |title=Nanorobot Invention and Linux: The Open Technology Factor β An Open Letter to UNO General Secretary |journal= CANNXS Project |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1β4 |date=2009 |url=http://www.cannxs.org/open.pdf }}</ref> According to the document sent to the [[United Nations]], in the same way that [[open source]] has in recent years accelerated the development of [[computer]] systems, a similar approach should benefit the society at large and accelerate nanorobotics development. The use of [[nanobiotechnology]] should be established as a human heritage for the coming generations, and developed as an open technology based on [[ethical]] practices for [[peace]]ful purposes. Open technology is stated as a fundamental key for such an aim.{{cn|date=May 2025}} ===Nanorobot race=== In the same ways that technology [[research and development]] drove the [[space race]] and [[nuclear arms race]], a race for nanorobots is occurring.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.4103/0973-1482.29829 |title= "Nano": The new nemesis of cancer |journal= Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics |volume= 2 |issue= 4 |pages= 186β95 |year= 2006 |last1= Huilgol |first1= N. |last2= Hede |first2= S. |pmid=17998702|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1109/TCSI.2007.907864 |title= Designs for Ultra-Tiny, Special-Purpose Nanoelectronic Circuits |journal= IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers |volume= 54 |issue= 11 |pages= 2528β2540 |year= 2007 |last1= Das |first1= S. |last2= Gates |first2= A. J. |last3= Abdu |first3= H. A. |last4= Rose |first4= G. S. |last5= Picconatto |first5= C. A. |last6= Ellenbogen |first6= J. C.|s2cid= 13575385 }}</ref><ref>Solomon, N., [https://archive.today/20120805184116/http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2008063473 Nanorobotics System], WIPO Patent WO/2008/063473, 2008.</ref><ref>Kurzweil, R., [http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/WO2007001962 Systems and Methods for Generating Biological Material], WIPO Patent WO/2007/001962, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Rosso, F.|author2= Barbarisi, M.|author3= Barbarisi, A. |title= Biotechnology in Surgery|chapter= Technology for Biotechnology|pages=61β73 |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/978-88-470-1658-3_4|isbn=978-88-470-1657-6}}</ref> There is plenty of ground allowing nanorobots to be included among the [[emerging technologies]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Challacombe, B.|author2= Althoefer, K.|author3= Stoianovici, D. |title= New Technologies in Urology|chapter= Emerging Robotics|volume=7 |pages=49β56 |date=2010 |doi=10.1007/978-1-84882-178-1_7|isbn=978-1-84882-177-4}}</ref> Some of the reasons are that large corporations, such as [[General Electric]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Synopsys]], [[Northrop Grumman]] and [[Siemens]] have been recently working in the development and research of nanorobots;<ref>{{Cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.nano.2009.06.001 |title= Translational nanomedicine: Status assessment and opportunities |journal= Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine |volume= 5 |issue= 3 |pages= 251β273 |year= 2009 |last1= Murday |first1= J. S. |last2= Siegel |first2= R. W. |last3= Stein |first3= J. |last4= Wright |first4= J. F. |pmid=19540359}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hogg, T. |title=Coordinating Microscopic Robots in Viscous Fluids |journal= Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=271β305 |date=2007 |doi=10.1007/s10458-006-9004-3|s2cid=72083 }}</ref><ref>Ispir, M., Oktem, L., [https://patents.google.com/patent/US8296711 Method and apparatus for using entropy in ant colony optimization circuit design from high level synthesis], US Patent US8296711 B2, 2010.</ref><ref>Ball, H. H., Lucas, M. R., Goutzoulis, A. P. {{US Patent|7783994}} "Method for providing secure and trusted ASICs using 3D integration", 2010.</ref><ref>Pfister, M. {{US Patent|20110048433}} "Method for forming an interventional aid with the aid of self-organizing nanorobots consisting of catoms and associated system unit", 2011.</ref> surgeons are getting involved and starting to propose ways to apply nanorobots for common medical procedures;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cuschieri, A. |title=Laparoscopic surgery: current status, issues and future developments |journal= Surgeon |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=125β138 |date=2005 |doi=10.1016/S1479-666X(05)80032-0|pmid=16075996 }}</ref> universities and research institutes were granted funds by government agencies exceeding $2 billion towards research developing nanodevices for medicine;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Roco, M. C. |title=Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=337β346 |date=2003 |doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00068-5 |pmid=12849790|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1260163 |type=Submitted manuscript }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Scheufele, D. A.|author2= Lewenstein, B. V. |title=The Public and Nanotechnology: How Citizens Make Sense of Emerging Technologies |journal=Journal of Nanoparticle Research |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=659β667 |date=2005 |doi=10.1007/s11051-005-7526-2|bibcode=2005JNR.....7..659S |s2cid= 136549696 }}</ref> bankers are also strategically investing with the intent to acquire beforehand rights and royalties on future nanorobots commercialisation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith, D. M.|author2=Goldstein, D. S.|author3=Heideman, J. |title=Reverse Mergers and Nanotechnology |journal= [[Nanotechnology Law & Business]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |date=2007}}</ref> Some aspects of nanorobot litigation and related issues linked to monopoly have already arisen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morrison, S. |title=The Unmanned Voyage: An Examination of Nanorobotic Liability |journal=Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology |volume=18 |issue=229 |date=2008 |url=http://www.albanylawjournal.org/articles/Morrison_0609.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205210702/http://www.albanylawjournal.org/articles/Morrison_0609.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-05 }}</ref><ref>Craig Tyler, [http://www.wsgr.com/news/PDFs/09202004_patentpirates.pdf ''Patent Pirates Search For Texas Treasure''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702210254/https://www.wsgr.com/news/PDFs/09202004_patentpirates.pdf |date=2017-07-02 }}, Texas Lawyer, September 20, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jaffe, A. B.|author2=Lerner, J.|title=Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It|isbn=978-0-691-11725-6|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/innovationitsdis00jaff}}</ref> A large number of patents have been granted recently on nanorobots, mostly by patent agents, companies specializing solely on building patent portfolios, and lawyers. After a long series of patents and eventually litigations, see for example the [[invention of radio]], or the [[war of currents]], emerging fields of technology tend to become a [[monopoly]], which normally is dominated by large corporations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gilbert, R. J.|author2=Newbery, D. M. G. |title= Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly |journal= American Economic Review |volume=72 |issue=3 |date=June 1982 |jstor=1831552 |pages=514β526}}</ref>
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