Editing Narration (section)

===Literary theory===
The Russian semiotician [[Boris Uspenskij]] identifies five planes on which point of view is expressed in a narrative: spatial, temporal, psychological, phraseological and ideological.<ref>[[Boris Uspensky]], ''A Poetics of Composition: The Structure of the Artistic Text and Typology of Compositional Form'', trans. Valentina Zavarin and Susan Wittig (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973).</ref>  The American literary critic Susan Sniader Lanser also develops these categories.<ref>Susan Sniader Lanser, ''The Narrative Act: Point of View in Prose Fiction'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1981).</ref>

The psychological point of view focuses on the characters' behaviors. Lanser concludes that this is "an extremely complex aspect of point of view, for it encompasses the broad question of the narrator's distance or affinity to each character and event…represented in the text".<ref>Lanser, 201–02.</ref> 

The ideological point of view is not only "the most basic aspect of point of view" but also the "least accessible to formalization, for its analysis relies to a degree, on intuitive understanding".<ref>[[Boris Uspensky|Uspensky]], 8.</ref>  This aspect of the point of view focuses on the norms, values, beliefs and Weltanschauung (worldview) of the narrator or a character. The ideological point of view may be stated outright—what Lanser calls "explicit ideology"—or it may be embedded at "deep-structural" levels of the text and not easily identified.<ref>Lanser, 216–17.</ref>