Editing Needle sharing (section)

== Risk factors for needle sharing ==
Much research has been done on risk factors that may predispose an individual to needle sharing in an effort to improve the effectiveness of [[Needle exchange programme|needle-exchange programs]] (NEPs) and other harm reduction programs for PWID.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/key-affected-populations/people-inject-drugs|title=People who inject drugs, HIV and AIDS|date=2015-07-20|work=AVERT|access-date=2017-11-15|language=en}}</ref> The barriers that contribute to rates of needle sharing include the lack of accessibility to clean needles and education about safe needle usage.<ref name=":0" /> In each respective country, government and cultural views towards PWID and NEPs have an impact on the resources available as demonstrated by studies done in China,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen X, Zhu L, Zhou YH, Liu FL, Li H, Yao ZH, Duo L, Pang W, Ye M, Zheng YT | display-authors = 6 | title = Factors associated with needle sharing among people who inject drugs in Yunnan, China: a combined network and regression analysis | journal = Infectious Diseases of Poverty | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 73 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27502491 | pmc = 4977866 | doi = 10.1186/s40249-016-0169-y | doi-access = free }}</ref> France,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guichard A, Guignard R, Lert F, Roy E | title = Risk Factors Associated with Unsafe Injection Practices at the First Injection Episode among Intravenous Drug Users in France: Results from PrimInject, an Internet Survey | journal = Journal of Addiction | volume = 2015 | pages = 507214 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26504609 | pmc = 4609460 | doi = 10.1155/2015/507214 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Vietnam,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hien NT, Giang LT, Binh PN, Devillé W, van Ameijden EJ, Wolffers I | title = Risk factors of HIV infection and needle sharing among injecting drug users in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse | volume = 13 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 45–58 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11547623 | doi = 10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00059-1 | url = https://www.nivel.nl/nl/publicaties/2803 }}</ref> and India.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Shunmugam M, Dubrow R | title = Social-structural contexts of needle and syringe sharing behaviours of HIV-positive injecting drug users in Manipur, India: a mixed methods investigation | journal = Harm Reduction Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 9 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21569478 | pmc = 3120658 | doi = 10.1186/1477-7517-8-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Within the United States, needle sharing behavior is positively correlated to individuals who are of lower socioeconomic status, younger than 45 years old, male, and unemployed.<ref name="pmid8203687">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mandell W, Vlahov D, Latkin C, Oziemkowska M, Cohn S | title = Correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 920–3 | date = June 1994 | pmid = 8203687 | pmc = 1614968 | doi = 10.2105/ajph.84.6.920 }}</ref> The incidence of needle sharing was found to be more prevalent in homosexual and bisexual men compared to women and heterosexual men, particularly in minority communities.<ref name="pmid8203687" /> People of a minority race or ethnicity are often at an increased risk of needle sharing, possibly due to lower levels of health education.<ref name=":0" />