Editing New Delhi (section)

=== Establishment ===
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
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| image1            = Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg
| caption1          = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.
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Until December 1911, [[Calcutta]] was the capital of India during the [[British Raj|British Rule]]. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon|Curzon]]. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments among the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.<ref name="Move From Calcutta">{{Cite news |title=86 years ago New Delhi took over as power capital of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301100517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms |archive-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

[[Old Delhi]] had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of [[History of India|medieval India]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]], most notably of the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Move">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=11 November 2011 |title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |access-date=16 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073527/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The [[British Raj|Government of British India]] felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of [[North India|northern India]].<ref name="Delhi Move" /> The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the [[Land Acquisition Act 1894]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

During the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, George V while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Kingsway Camp]], declared that the capital of [[the Raj]] would be shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name="Delhi new capital">{{Cite news |last=Wright |first=Tom |date=22 November 2011 |title=In 1911, Rush to Name Delhi as Capital Causes a Crush |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125152453/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi capital">{{Cite news |date=28 November 2011 |title=Was New Delhi a Death Knell for Calcutta? |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130230021/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/ |archive-date=30 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=P |title=Cities of Tomorrow |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-631-23252-0 |pages=198–206 |author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help Coronation park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502154207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help |date=2 May 2011 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 14 August 2008.</ref> Three days later, George V and his consort, [[Mary of Teck|Mary]], laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp.<ref name="Delhi formation">{{Cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |date=20 November 2011 |title=The New Delhis That Might Have Been |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123011902/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/ |archive-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Large parts of New Delhi were planned by [[Edwin Lutyens]], who first visited Delhi in 1912, and [[Herbert Baker]], both leading 20th-century British architects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patwant |first=Singh |year=2002–2003 |title=Sir Edwin and the building |url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181731/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |access-date=31 December 2013 |publisher=wmf.org}}</ref> The contract was given to [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Construction really began after [[World War I]] and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by [[A.E.P. Griessen]], and later William Mustoe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowe |first=Patrick |date=2009 |title=The genius of an artist: William R. Mustoe and the planting of the city of New Delhi and its gardens |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671 |url-status=live |journal=Garden History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=68–79 |issn=0307-1243 |jstor=40649671 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054323/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> The city that was later dubbed "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy Irwin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 1931 |title=New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony |page=12 |work=[[The Times]] |issue=45744 |location=London}}</ref> Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's [[imperialism|imperial aspirations]].<ref name="ya">{{Cite web |title=Yadgaar |url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229182030/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 |access-date=18 May 2010 |publisher=[[National Museum, New Delhi]]}}</ref>
[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img6.jpg|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] houses Ministries of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]. It also houses the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]].]]
Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with [[George Swinton]] as chairman, and John A. Brodie and [[Lutyens]] as members, submitted reports for both north and south sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at [[India Gate]], was previously meant to be a north–south axis linking the [[Viceroy's House]] at one end with [[Paharganj]] at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites on the north side, the committee settled on the south site.<ref>Chishti, p. 225.</ref> A site atop the [[Raisina Hill]], formerly Raisina Village, a [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]] village, was chosen for the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]], then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the [[Purana Qila|Dinapanah]] citadel, which was also considered the site of [[Indraprastha]], the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|the Secretariat]]. The [[Rajpath]], also known as King's Way, stretched from the [[India Gate]] to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]], both designed by Baker, are located at the [[Sansad Marg]] and run parallel to the Rajpath.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In the south, land up to [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] was acquired to create what is today known as [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]].<ref>Chishti, p. 222.</ref> Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of [[Raisina Hill]], a circular railway line around the Council House (now [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]), called the ''Imperial Delhi Railway'', was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) and Kingsway ([[Rajpath]]), which was a problem because the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and it began operating in 1924. The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] opened in 1926, with a single platform at [[Ajmeri Gate]] near [[Paharganj]], and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name="htlux">{{Cite news |date=21 July 2011 |title=A fine balance of luxury and care |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes652023">{{Cite news |date=18 January 2011 |title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], 1st [[Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), it was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect to the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD).<ref name="htc">{{Cite news |date=8 February 2011 |title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in [[North Delhi]]. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in [[Old Delhi]] (the building now houses the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently, housing for them has developed around [[Gole Market]] area in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2011 |title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodi Estate area, [[Lodi Colony]] near historic [[Lodi Gardens]], was the last residential areas built by the [[British Raj]].<ref name="ht">{{Cite news |date=1 September 2011 |title=A tale of two cities |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>