Editing Ningbo (section)

==History==

{{main|History of Ningbo}}
Ningbo is one of China's oldest cities, with a history dating to the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain Culture]] in 6300 BCE and [[Hemudu culture]] in 4800 BCE. Ningbo was known as a trade city on the [[Silk Road]] at least two thousand years ago, and later as a major port for foreign trade. According to [[Erik Zürcher]], among the nineteen Ashokan stupas in China, those at Changgan Temple in Nanjing and Ayuwang (Ashoka) Temple near Ningbo were particularly venerated, highlighting their importance in the early spread of Buddhism in China.<ref name="ArsOrient">{{cite book |title=Ars Orientalis |volume=34 |year=2004 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, University of Michigan |page=93 |url=https://archive.org/details/arsorient343520072008univ/page/93/mode/1up |quote=Among the nineteen Ashokan stupas miraculously retrieved in China, one in the Changgan Temple of Nanjing and another in the Ayuwang Temple (Ashoka Temple) on Mount Ashoka, near Ningbo, were particularly venerated.<br>''See Erich Zürcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China. The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), 277–280.''}}</ref>

===Ancient to Sui dynasty===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}

As of 2020, the earliest relics of human activity discovered in Ningbo City are from the [[:zh:井头山遗址|Jingtou Mountain site]] in Yuyao.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-11-01 |title=The Excavation of a Neolithic site at Jingtoushan in Yuyao, Zhejiang: Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology; Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Management; The Hemudu Site Museum of Yuyao City |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/char-2022-0001/html |journal=Chinese Archaeology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1515/char-2022-0001 |issn=2160-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These relics date back to 6300 BCE, evidencing early human consumption of seafood and rice. A large number of cultivated rice, farming tools, remains of dry fence buildings, remains of domestic livestock, and primitive religious items have been unearthed from related sites of the [[Hemudu culture]] (5000–4500 BCE), evidencing human settlement and culture in the eastern part of the Ningshao Plain, where modern-day Ningbo city is located.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022-11-01 |title=The Excavation of a Neolithic site at Jingtoushan in Yuyao, Zhejiang: Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology; Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Management; The Hemudu Site Museum of Yuyao City |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/char-2022-0001/html |journal=Chinese Archaeology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1515/char-2022-0001 |issn=2160-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Before the [[Han dynasty]], the area where Ningbo City is located today was sparsely populated. In the [[Xia dynasty]], the location of Ningbo was called "Yin". In the [[Spring and Autumn period]], the area where Ningbo belonged was the [[Yue (state)|Yue State]]. At that time, the Yue King Goujian built Juzhang City in the present-day Cicheng Town, which became the earliest city in Ningbo. In the latter half of the [[Warring States period|Warring States]] period, the area of Ningbo became the jurisdiction of [[Chu (state)|Chu State]]. In 221 BCE, Qin unified the six states and the Ningbo area was delegated to [[Kuaiji Commandery]], with three counties of Yin, Yin, and Juzhang (some studies assert there were four counties of Yin, Yin, Juzhang, and Yuyao). In the early years of the Western Han dynasty, [[Kuaiji Commandery]] belonged to the Kingdom of Jing and Wu. After the Seven Kingdoms was settled, [[Kuaiji Commandery]] was restored. In 589 CE (Sui Kai Huang nine years), the counties were merged under the Wu kingdom.

===Tang and Song dynasty===

[[File:Tianfeng Tower.jpg|thumb|left|Tianfeng Tower, originally built during the Tang dynasty, is the symbol of old Ningbo.]]
[[File:A rock garden inside Tianyi Chamber.JPG|thumb|left|A rock garden inside Tianyi Chamber]]

Since the [[Tang dynasty]], Ningbo has been an important commercial port. Arab traders lived in Ningbo during the [[Song dynasty]] when it was known as Mingzhou or Siming,<ref name="Hagras 102">{{Cite journal|last=Hagras|first=Hamada Muhammed|date=2017-06-20|title=An Ancient Mosque In Ningbo, China "Historical And Architectural Study"|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/72535-EN-an-ancient-mosque-in-ningbo-china-histor.pdf|journal=Journal of Islamic Architecture|volume=4|issue=3|pages=102–113|doi=10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851|issn=2356-4644|doi-access=free}}</ref> since the ocean-going trade passages took precedence over land trade during this time.<ref>
{{cite book
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|publisher=Stanford University Press
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527074939/http://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&pg=PA210&dq=mosque+ningbo&hl=en&ei=dAbcTebnL8bx0gH3w-zqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=mosque%20ningbo&f=false
|archive-date=27 May 2013
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</ref><ref>
{{cite book
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|title=Islam: an illustrated history
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|author1=Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville
|author2=Stuart C. Munro-Hay
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527003628/http://books.google.com/books?id=__Q1gOeoJZcC&pg=PA228&dq=mosque+ningpo&hl=en&ei=fwncTbrtFce90AG2uM3GDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=mosque%20ningpo&f=false
|archive-date=27 May 2013
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</ref> It was a well known center of ocean-going commerce with the foreign world.<ref>
{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAnqAAAAMAAJ&q=mosque+ningbo
|title=A Journey Into China's Antiquity: Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Northern and Southern Song Dynasties
|volume=3 of A Journey Into China's Antiquity
|year=1997
|author=Weichao Yu, Zhongguo li shi bo wu guan
|editor=Weichao Yu
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|location=the University of Michigan
|isbn=7-5054-0507-1
|page=305
|access-date=17 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044454/http://books.google.com/books?id=HAnqAAAAMAAJ&q=mosque+ningbo&dq=mosque+ningbo&hl=en&ei=BAfcTd25Nqb30gHN2bzXDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgU
|archive-date=12 December 2013
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</ref> These merchants did not intermingle with native Chinese, instead practicing their own customs and religion and inhabiting ghettos. They did not try to proselytize Islam to the Chinese.<ref>
{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA94
|title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
|year=2009
|author1=Tan Ta Sen
|author2=Dasheng Chen
|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
|edition=illustrated
|isbn=978-981-230-837-5
|page=94
|access-date=17 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044645/http://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA94&dq=mosque+ningpo&hl=en&ei=VwrcTdTRPOLf0QG_7tC5Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgy
|archive-date=12 December 2013
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}}
</ref> There was also a large Jewish community in Ningbo, as evidenced by the fact that, after a major flood destroyed [[Torah]] scrolls in [[Kaifeng]] in 1642, a replacement was sent to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by the [[Jews]] at Ningbo.<ref>[[Xu Xin (Judaic scholar)|Xu Xin]], ''The Jews of Kaifeng'', Ktav Publishing House c 2003</ref>

===Ming dynasty===

The city of Ningbo was known in Europe for a long time under the name of Liampó. This was the usual spelling used, for example in the standard Portuguese history, [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas da Ásia'', although Barros explained that Liampó was a Portuguese "corruption" of the more correct Nimpó.<ref name=barros1.9.7>[[João de Barros]], ''Décadas da Ásia''; 1st Decade, Book IX, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1552 (e.g., pp. 336–337, in the 1988 reprint)</ref><ref>[[João de Barros]], ''Décadas da Ásia'', 3rd Decade, Book II, Chapter VII. Lisbon, 1563 (folio 44 in the original edition and the 1992 facsimile reprint)</ref> The spelling Liampó is also attested to in the ''Peregrination'' (''Peregrinação'') by [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]], a (so-called) autobiography written in Portuguese during the 16th century. For the mid-16th-century Portuguese, the nearby promontory, which they called the cape of Liampó after the nearby "illustrious city", was the easternmost known point of the mainland Asia.<ref name=barros1.9.7/> The Portuguese began trading in Ningbo around 1522. By 1542, the Portuguese had a sizable community in Ningbo (or, more likely, on nearby small islands such as [[Shuangyu]]). Portuguese activities from their Ningbo base included pillaging and attacking multiple Chinese port cities around Ningbo. They also enslaved people during their raids.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZdCAAAAYAAJ&q=1,200+portuguese+neighbouring+pillaging
|title=Modern history of China
|year=1983
|author=Sergeĭ Leonidovich Tikhvinskiĭ
|publisher=[[Progress Publishers]]
|page=57
|quote=Thereafter they made the factory near Ningbo their chief trading outlet. In the late 1540s, there were more than 3,000 people there, some 1,200 of them Portuguese. From this base, the latter raided neighboring coastal cities, pillaging and taking people into slavery. The Chinese authorities responded with armed expeditions against them and, finally, the Portuguese had to abandon the factory
}}</ref> The Portuguese were ousted from the Ningbo area in 1548.

=== Qing dynasty ===
[[File:Map of Ningbo in 19th century .jpg|thumb|right|19th century map of Ningbo<ref name="Hagras 102" />]]
Ningbo was one of the five Chinese ''[[treaty ports]]'' opened by the [[Treaty of Nanjing]] signed in 1842 at the end of the [[First Opium War]] between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and China. During the war, British forces briefly took possession of the walled city of Ningbo after storming the fortified town of [[Zhenhai District|Zhenhai]] at the mouth of the Yong River on October 10, 1841. The British subsequently repulsed a Chinese attempt to retake the city in the [[Battle of Ningpo]] on 10 March 1842. In 1861, the forces of the [[Taiping Kingdom]] took the city relatively unopposed as the defending garrison and all Ningbo residents fled except for the [[Jews]] and [[Persians]]; they held the town for six months. In March 1885, during the [[Sino-French War]], Admiral Courbet's naval squadron blockaded several Chinese warships in Zhenhai Bay and exchanged fire with the shore defenses.

Ningbo was also once famed for traditional Chinese furniture production, and western encyclopedias described Ningbo as a center of craftsmanship and industry.<ref>
{{cite book|title=appleton's new practical cyclopedia |year=1910 |page=432}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Appleton's new practical cyclopedia: a new work of reference based upon the best authorities, and systematically arranged for use in home and school |volume=4 of Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia |year=1910 |editor1=Marcus Benjamin |editor2=Arthur Elmore Bostwick |editor3=Gerald Van Casteel |editor4=George Jotham Hagar |publisher=D. Appleton and company |page=432}}</ref>

During the 1800s Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate Portuguese pirates who had raided Canton shipping around Ningbo. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Cantonese dead. It was dubbed "[[The Ningpo Massacre]]" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Cantonese Chinese, and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have reined in the pirates.

During the late Qing era, Western missionaries set up a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian Church]] in Ningbo. Li Veng-eing was a Reverend of the Ningpo Church.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Home and foreign record of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Volume 18|year=1867 |author=Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. |publisher=Presbyterian Board of Publication |page=140}}</ref> The Ningpo College was managed by Rev. Robert F. Fitch. The four trustees were natives of Ningbo, and three of them had Taotai rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=New-York observer, Volume 83 |date=27 April 1905 |publisher=Morse, Hallock & Co. |page=533}}</ref> Rev. George Evans Moule, B.A., was appointed as a missionary to China by the [[Church of England Missionary Society]], and arrived at Ningpo with Mrs. Moule in February 1858. His time was chiefly divided between Ningpo and another mission station he began at Hang-chow. He wrote Christian publications in the [[Ningbo dialect]].<ref>
{{cite book |title=Memorials of Protestant missionaries to the Chinese: giving a list of their publications, and obituary notices of the deceased. With copious indexes | year=1867 |author=Alexander Wylie |publisher=American Presbyterian Mission Press |page= 247}}</ref>

=== World War II ===
During WWII in 1940, between 80% and 90% of Ningbo's population fled Ningbo, leaving primarily the elderly behind.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=waklDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title = Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China|isbn = 9780520254459|last1 = MacKinnon|first1 = Stephen R.|date = 21 May 2008| publisher=University of California Press }}</ref> The Japanese bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of [[flea]]s carrying the [[bubonic plague]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm|title=Japan bombed China with plague-fleas |website=news.BBC.co.uk |date=25 January 2001 |access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603122452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm|archive-date=3 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An outbreak of bubonic plague followed. Bacteriologist Huang Ketai reported that at least 109 people died from the plague in Ningbo in November and December 1940.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-01-25 |title='Japan bombed China with plague-fleas' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1135368.stm |access-date=2024-10-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref> According to Daniel Barenblatt, imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo was recorded on film in 1940.<ref>Daniel Barenblatt, ''A Plague upon Humanity'', 2004, p. 32</ref>