Editing Normal school (section)

== Europe ==
Educating teachers was of great importance in the newly industrialized European economies which needed a reliable, reproducible and uniform work force. The process of instilling such norms within students depended upon the creation of the first uniform, formalized national educational curriculum. Thus, normal schools, as the teacher training schools, were tasked with both developing this new curriculum and developing the techniques through which teachers would instill these ideas, behaviors and values in the minds of their students.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=H.A.|title=The Normal-School Curriculum|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2412412|journal=The Elementary School Journal|volume=20|issue=4|pages=276–284|doi=10.1086/454743|year=1919|s2cid=145015508}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
In [[Germany]], schools of education only exist in the state of [[Baden-Württemberg]]. These schools prepare teachers for [[Grundschule]] (primary school) and secondary schools like [[Hauptschule]] and [[Realschule]]. Teachers for the [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]] are educated at universities.

=== Finland ===
In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local [[Municipalities of Finland|municipality]]. Aspirant teachers do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher.

=== France ===
In France, a two-tier system developed after the [[French Revolution|Revolution]]: primary school teachers were educated at [[département]]al ''écoles normales'' and high school teachers and university professors at the ''[[écoles normales supérieures]]''. Nowadays all teachers are educated in an {{interlanguage link|Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation|fr}} (Graduate School of Teaching and Education). The ''écoles normales supérieures'' in France now mainly train researchers, who spend one year teaching in ''[[Secondary education in France|lycée]]''.

=== Italy ===
In Italy, Normal Schools now are called Liceo delle Scienze Umane. The [[Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa]] now focus mainly on training researchers.

=== Lithuania ===
In Lithuania, [[Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences]] (LEU), former Vilnius Pedagogical University (VPU) is the main teachers' training institution, established in 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leu.lt|title=Pradžia – Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas|first=Fresh|last=Media|website=www.leu.lt|access-date=2020-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604104656/http://leu.lt/|archive-date=2013-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Serbia ===
In Serbia, the first public normal school was founded in [[Sombor]], [[Vojvodina]], by [[Avram Mrazović]] in 1778 to train teachers.<ref name="ravnoplov.rs">{{cite web|url=https://www.ravnoplov.rs/240-godina-obrazovanja-srpskih-ucitelja-u-somboru/ |title=240 GODINA OBRAZOVANJA SRPSKIH UČITELJA U SOMBORU – Ravnoplov |publisher=Ravnoplov.rs |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref>
In 2018, the Faculty of Education in Sombor celebrated 240 years since the founding of the first school for the education of Serbian teachers called ''Norma''. It was a teacher training college at the beginning called ''Norma college'' before it was closed in 1811, and another school was opened in its place in 1812 in [[Szentendre]] under the [[Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation]]. The new institution was named ''Regium Pedagogium Nationis Illiricae'' or Royal Pedagogium Of The Illyrian-Serbian Nation (also referred to in Latin as ''Preparandium'' or ''Preparadija'' in Serbian) which eventually was relocated back to Sombor in 1816.<ref name="ravnoplov.rs"/> The Normal school – Teachers College is generally considered the first normal school or ''École normale'' in Sombor. The term "normal" in this case refers to "the goal of the institution to instill and reinforce particular ''norms'' within students". Also, these "''norms'' included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of [[curriculum]]". For the longest time, this was the only academy for teachers' training in Serbian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uns.ac.rs/index.php/en/sombor/about-sombor |title=University of Novi Sad – About Sombor |publisher=Uns.ac.rs |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> The first woman academician of the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] [[Isidora Sekulić]], the poet [[Jovan Dučić]], the composers [[Petar Konjović]] and [[Josif Marinković]] are just some of the ''[[alumni]]'' of ''Norma.''<ref name="ravnoplov.rs"/>

=== Spain ===
In Spain, the first public normal school was the ''Escuela Normal de Madrid'', founded in Madrid in 1839. It was gradually integrated into the [[Complutense University of Madrid]]'s Faculty of Education between 1991 and 1995. Later normal schools were founded in [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]] (1841), [[Segovia]] (1857), [[Salamanca]] and [[Valladolid]].

=== United Kingdom ===
In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once named as such, and were independent institutions.<ref>Christine Heward, "Men and women and the rise of professional society: the intriguing history of teacher educators" ''History of Education'' (1993), 22:1, 11–32, in Great Britain in 19th century. {{doi|10.1080/0046760930220102}}</ref><ref>H. C. Dent, ''The Training of Teachers in England and Wales 1800–1975'' (1975)</ref>

Following the recommendation of the 1963 ''[[Robbins Report]]'' into [[higher education]], teacher training colleges were renamed "Colleges of Education". Later in the 20th century some became a "College of Higher Education" or an "Institute of Higher Education".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southwales.ac.uk/documents/429/Memories_of_Caerleon_-_final.pdf|title=Memories of Caerleon|publisher=[[University of South Wales]]|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812155911/http://c/|archive-date=12 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> For information about academic divisions devoted to this field outside of the United States and Canada, see [[Postgraduate Training in Education (disambiguation)]].

A restructuring of higher education in the UK during the first two decades of the 21st century resulted in some establishments taking the status of "university". The [[University of Chester]], founded by the [[Anglicanism|Anglican church]], traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were also established by religious institutions, and most were single-sex until [[World War II]]. Since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right (e.g. [[Bishop Grosseteste University]]; University of Chester; [[Edge Hill University]]; [[St Mary's University, Twickenham]]; [[Newman University, Birmingham]]; [[Plymouth Marjon University]]; [[University of Winchester]]; [[University of Worcester]]; [[York St John University]]) or merged with another university to become its faculty of education (e.g. [[Moray House]]).

In [[Wales]], there were at least three institutions which included the word "Normal" in their name: Normal School, Brecon,<ref>{{cite web |title=The normal school: by A. Wells. The model school: by W.J. Unwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVkEAAAAQAAJ&q=Normal+School+Brecon&pg=RA1-PA107|last1 = Wells|first1 = Algernon|year = 1849}}</ref> subsequently relocated to become Normal College Swansea<ref>[[:commons:File:The_Normal_college_for_Wales_at_Swansea.jpeg|Image of the Normal College Swansea ]]{{Circular reference|date=December 2024}}</ref> (where the academic and mathematician [[John Viriamu Jones]] was educated); and [[Bangor Normal College|Normal College, Bangor]] (founded 1858), which survived until 1996, when it became part of [[University of Wales Bangor]]. The latter was one of the last institutions in the UK to retain the word "Normal" in its name.