Editing Ocean Drilling Program (section)

== ODP Operations ==
Compared to the DSDP, the ODP was a more driven and organized program. The institutions heading the ODP planned to upgrade ocean drilling technology and expand operations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Foss |first=G. |date=November 1985 |title=The Ocean Drilling Program II: JOIDES Resolution - Scientific drillship of the 80's |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1160101/;jsessionid=1CE2DA44D87F91D5084603B0DEA6683A |journal=OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment |pages=124–132 |doi=10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160101|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Drilling operations for the ODP were carried out by [[Texas A&M University]], and downhole logging was performed by [[Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory|Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] of Columbia University.<ref name=":0" /> The majority of the funding for the program came from the National Science Foundation, while about one-third was from international collaborators.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!By the Numbers<ref name=":0" />
!
|-
|Distance Traveled
|355,781 nmi
|-
|Sites Visited
|669
|-
|Deepest Core Penetration
|2,111 m
|-
|Number of Cores Recovered
|35,772
|}
[[File:Joides.jpg|thumb|[[JOIDES Resolution|''JOIDES Resolution'']]]]

=== Technology ===

==== The ''JOIDES Resolution'' ====
Given the ambitions of the ODP to increase the scope of ocean drilling, the program needed a vessel with more advanced drilling technology and laboratories than the ''[[Glomar Challenger]],'' the ship used for the DSDP.<ref name=":0" /> The Sedco/BP 471 drillship was selected for the program and upgraded with more advanced drilling technology.<ref name=":2" /> Originally built in [[Nova Scotia]] in 1978, the ship was owned by both Sedco Forex and the British Petroleum Corporation ([[BP]]).<ref name=":2" />

Upgrades to the ship allowed for deeper drilling, more sophisticated laboratory analysis, and the ability to withstand more difficult environments.<ref name=":2" /> The drill string installed onboard was capable of reaching 30,000 feet with a minimum yield strength of 140,000 pounds per square inch.<ref name=":2" /> The ship had enough power to support a residential community of 14,000 people, which allowed for increased speed and drilling capabilities.<ref name=":2" /> Onboard laboratories had advanced scientific instrumentation and covered 145,000 square feet, which were the most modern floating geological laboratories at the time.<ref name=":2" />

==== Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK) ====
A specific technological advance that was implemented in the ODP was the CORK, which was used in 18 holes during ODP beginning in 1989.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/301/301toc.htm |title=Proceedings of the IODP, 301 |chapter=A review of CORK designs and operations during the Ocean Drilling Program |date=2005-10-31 |publisher=Integrated Ocean Drilling Program |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=A.T. |volume=301 |language=en |doi=10.2204/iodp.proc.301.104.2005 |editor-last2=Urabe |editor-first2=T. |editor-last3=Klaus |editor-first3=A. |editor-last4=and the Expedition 301 Scientists}}</ref> CORKs are a long-term [[Hydrogeology|hydrogeological]] monitoring system that sealed drilled holes and allowed for further observation.<ref name=":3" /> A CORK consisted of two parts: the body that sealed the system into the hole and the data log and sensor system.<ref name=":3" /> If drilled [[Borehole|boreholes]] were left unsealed, the subsurface environment was disturbed and not able to be monitored in the future.<ref name=":3" /> Using CORKs to seal holes allowed environmental equilibrium to be reestablished, and observations provided understanding into hydrogeological processes in the subsurface.<ref name=":3" />