Editing Ocelot (section)

== Taxonomy ==
''Felis pardalis'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed for the ocelot by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref name="linnaeus">{{cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=42 |chapter=''Felis pardalis'' |volume=Tomus I |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref> The genus ''[[Leopardus]]'' was proposed by [[John Edward Gray]] in 1842 for several spotted cat skins in the collection of the [[Natural History Museum, London]].<ref name=Gray1842>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1= J. E.  |year=1842 |title=Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia |journal=[[Annals and Magazine of Natural History]] |volume=10 |issue=65 |pages=255–267 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof10lond/page/260 |doi=10.1080/03745484209445232}}</ref><ref name=Allen1919>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |title=Notes on the synonymy and nomenclature of the smaller spotted cats of tropical America |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |date=1919 |volume=41 |issue=7 |page=345 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b62dcff5-66bd-49dd-8908-7c8df569b642}}</ref>

Several ocelot [[zoological specimen|specimens]] were described in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including:<ref name="mammal">{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=J. L. |last2=Gardner |first2=G. L. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Leopardus pardalis'' |journal=[[Mammalian Species]] |year=1997 |issue=548 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.2307/3504082 |jstor=3504082 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article-pdf/doi/10.2307/3504082/8071434/548-1.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |page=539 |id=14000103 |heading=Species ''Leopardus pardalis''}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Felis mitis'' by [[Frédéric Cuvier]] in 1824 was a specimen from [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cuvier |first1=F. G. |year=1824 |title=Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères : Avec des Figures Originales, Coloriées, Dessinées d'aprèsdes Animaux Vivans |trans-title=Natural History of Mammals: With Original Figures, Colored, Drawn after Living Animals |volume=1 |location=Paris |publisher=Chez A. Belin |pages=Pl. 54; 1–3 |chapter=Le chati femelle [The female cat] |language=fr |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/HistoirenaturelIGeof/page/n273 |editor1-last=Geoffroy St.-Hilaire |editor1-first=E. |editor2-last=Cuvier |editor2-first=F. G.}}</ref>
* ''F. chibi-gouazou'' by [[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Edward Griffith]] in 1827 was based on earlier descriptions and illustrations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffith |first1=E. |year=1827 |title=The Animal Kingdom arranged in Conformity with its Organization | volume = 5 |location=London |publisher=Geo. B. Whittaker |chapter=Middle-sized cats, with tail rather long, and generally with spots and stripes |pages=167–173 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomarr05cuvi/page/167}}</ref>
* ''Leopardus griseus'' by John Edward Gray in 1842 was a spotted cat skin from Central America.<ref name=Gray1842 />
* ''F. pseudopardalis'' by [[Pierre Boitard]] in 1845 was an ocelot kept in the [[Jardin des plantes]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boitard |first1=P. |year=1845 |title=Le Jardin des Plantes. Description et Moeurs des Mammifères de la Ménagerie et du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle |location=Paris |language = fr |trans-title = Garden Plants. Description and Customs of the Mammals of the Menagerie and the Natural History Museum |publisher=J.-J. Dubochet |chapter=Les chats (The cats) |pages=234–269 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lejardindesp00boit/page/262}}</ref>
* ''F. melanura'' by [[Robert Ball (naturalist)|Robert Ball]] in 1844 was a specimen from [[British Guiana]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=R. |year=1844 |title=Description of the ''Felis melanura'' |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=12 |pages=128–129 |url=https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl44liet/page/n139}}</ref>
* ''F. albescens'' by [[Jacques Pucheran]] in 1855 was a specimen from [[Brownsville, Texas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pucheran |first1=J. |year=1855 |chapter=Description du chat bai et du chat albescent; et remarques sur les caractères et sur la distribution géographique de plusieurs autre chats (Description of bay cat and albescent cat; and remarks on the characters and the geographic distribution of several other cats) |pages=137–155 |language=fr |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/voyageautourdumo1846dupe/page/136 |title=Voyage autour du Monde sur la Frégate la Vénus commandée par Abel du Petit-Thouars. Zoologie. Mammifères |trans-title=Travel around the World on the Frigate Venus commanded by Abel du Petit-Thouars. Zoology. Mammals |editor1-last=Geoffroy St.-Hilaire |editor1-first=I. |publisher=G & J. Baudry |location=Paris}}</ref>
* ''F. aequatorialis'' by [[Edgar Alexander Mearns]] in 1903 was a skin of an adult female ocelot from [[Talamanca (canton)|Talamanca canton]] in Costa Rica.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mearns |first1=A. |year=1903 |title=The ocelot cats |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum |volume=25 |issue=1286 |pages=237–249 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofuni251903unit/page/246 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.1286.237}}</ref>
* ''F. maripensis'' and ''F. sanctaemartae'' by [[Joel Asaph Allen]] in 1904 were skins of two adult female ocelots from [[Maripa, Venezuela]] and Santa Marta district in Colombia, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |year=1904 |title=New mammals from Venezuela and Colombia |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=20 |issue=28 |pages=327–335 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/fe5e7d2b-068e-4487-bdcb-c9873ccb61b4}}</ref>
* ''F. pardalis pusaea'' by [[Oldfield Thomas]] in 1914 was an ocelot skin and skull from [[Guayas Province]] in coastal Ecuador.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=O. |year=1914 |title=On various South-American mammals |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |volume=13 |issue=75 |series=8th |pages=345–363 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof8131914lond/page/346 |doi=10.1080/00222931408693492}}</ref>
* ''F. pardalis nelsoni'' and ''F. p. sonoriensis'' by [[Edward Alphonso Goldman]] in 1925 as subspecies of ''F. pardalis'', based on specimens from [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]] and the [[Mayo River (Mexico)|Mayo River]] region respectively in Mexico.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=E. A. |year=1925 |title=Two new ocelots from Mexico |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=122–124  |doi=10.2307/1373387 |jstor=1373387}}</ref>
* ''L. pardalis steinbachi'' by [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] in 1941 was a specimen from [[Buena Vista, Ichilo]] in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1941 |title=Some new geographical races of ''Leopardus'', commonly known as ocelots and margays |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=11th |volume=8 |issue=45 |pages=234–239 |doi=10.1080/03745481.1941.9727966}}</ref>
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=== Subspecies ===
In 1919, Allen reviewed the specimens described until 1914, placed them into the genus ''Leopardus'' and recognized nine [[subspecies]] as [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] [[Taxon|taxa]] based on the colors and spot patterns of skins.<ref name=Allen1919 /> In 1941, Pocock reviewed dozens of ocelot skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum and regrouped them to nine different subspecies, also based on their colors and spots.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1941 |chapter=The Races of the Ocelot and the Margay |pages=319–369 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/papersonmammalog271fiel/page/320 |title=Papers on mammalogy published in honor of Wilfred Hudson Osgood |editor=Field, S. |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |volume=27 |location=Chicago}}</ref> Later authors recognized 10 subspecies as valid.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Goldman |first1=E. A. |year=1943 |title=The races of the Ocelot and Margay in Middle America |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=372–385 |jstor=1374838 |url=http://bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Goldman1943.pdf|doi=10.2307/1374838 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cabrera, A. |author-link=Ángel Cabrera (naturalist) |year=1957 |title=Catálogo de los mamíferos de América del Sur |series=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales |volume=Ciencias Zoologicas 4 |publisher=Casa Editora "Coni" |location=Buenos Aires}}</ref><ref name=msw3 />

In 1998, results of a [[mtDNA control region]] analysis of ocelot samples indicated that four major ocelot groups exist, one each in Central America, northwestern South America, northeastern South America and southern South America south of the [[Amazon River]].<ref name="eizirik">{{cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Bonatto |first2=S. L. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=Crawshaw Jr. |first4=P. G. |last5=Vié |first5=J. C. |last6=Brousset |first6=D. M. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |last8=Salzano |first8=F. M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeographic patterns and evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in two neotropical cats (Mammalia, Felidae) |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |date=1998 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=613–624 |doi=10.1007/PL00006418 |pmid=9797412 |bibcode=1998JMolE..47..613E|s2cid=19865180 }}</ref> A 2010 study of morphological features noted significant differences in the size and color of the Central and South American populations, suggesting they could be separate species.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Nascimento |first1=F. O. do |title=Revisão taxonômica gênero do ''Leopardus'' Gray, 1842 |trans-title=Taxonomic revision of genus ''Leopardus'' Gray 1842 |type=PhD Thesis |date=2010 |doi=10.11606/T.41.2010.tde-09122010-104050 |publisher=University of Sao Paulo |location=Sao Paulo |language=pt |url=https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-09122010-104050/publico/FO_Nascimento.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2013, a study of [[Craniometry|craniometric]] variation and [[microsatellite]] diversity in ocelots throughout the range recognized three subspecies: ''L. p. albescens'' from the Texas–Mexico border, ''L. p. pardis'' from Central America and ''L. p. pseudopardalis'' from South America, though ''L. p. mitis'' may comprise the ocelot population in the southern part of South America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruiz-García |first1=M. |last2=Corrales |first2=C. |last3=Pineda-Castro |first3=M. |name-list-style=amp |editor1-last=Ruiz-García |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Shostell |editor2-first=J. M. |title=Molecular Population Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, and Biological Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores |date=2013 |publisher=Nova Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-62417-071-3 |pages=289–332 |chapter=Craniometric and microsatellite genetic differentiation among putative ocelot subspecies (''Leopardus pardalis'') |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267843436}}</ref>

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the [[IUCN]] Cat Specialist Group noted that up to four subspecies can be identified, but recognized only two as valid taxa. These two taxa differ in [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] features and are geographically separated by the [[Andes]]:<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=47–48 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>
* ''L. p. pardalis'' has a greyish fur. Its range extends from [[Texas]] and [[Arizona]] to [[Costa Rica]].
* ''L. p. mitis'' has a more yellowish fur and is larger than ''pardalis''. It occurs in South America as far south as northern [[Argentina]].

=== Phylogeny ===
Results of a [[phylogenetic]] study indicate that the ''Leopardus'' lineage [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] from the Felidae around 8 million years ago ([[Mya (unit)|mya]]). The ocelot is estimated to have diverged from the [[margay]] (''Leopardus wieldii'') between 2.41 and 1.01 mya. The relationships of the ocelot within the Felidae is considered as follows:<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1= Johnson, W. E. |last2= Eizirik, E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery, J. |last4=Murphy, W. J. |last5 = Antunes, A. |last6 = Teeling, E. |last7 = O'Brien, S. J. | name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |issue=5757 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J|s2cid= 41672825 |url= https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2707/da7361f39123f2e1d2af96a8ed0b6d8ff723.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200208160728/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2707/da7361f39123f2e1d2af96a8ed0b6d8ff723.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2020-02-08 }}</ref><ref name="werdelin">{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi|first2=N. |last3=Johnson|first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5}}</ref>

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|1={{clade
    |label1=''[[Caracal (genus)|Caracal]]''
    |1={{clade
       |1=[[Serval]]&nbsp;(''Leptailurus serval'')
       |2={{clade
          |1=[[Caracal]]&nbsp;(''C. caracal'')
          |2=[[African golden cat]]&nbsp;(''C. aurata'')
          }}
       }}
    |2={{clade
       |label1=''[[Leopardus]]''
       |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
             |1='''Ocelot'''&nbsp;(''L. pardalis'')
             |2=[[Margay]]&nbsp;(''L. wieldii'')
             }}
          |2={{clade
             |1={{clade
                |1=[[Andean mountain cat]]&nbsp;(''L. jacobita'')
                |2=[[Pampas cat]]&nbsp;(''L. colocolo'')
                }}
             |2={{clade
                |1={{clade
                   |1=[[Geoffroy's cat]]&nbsp;(''L. geoffroyi'')
                   |2=[[Kodkod]]&nbsp;(''L. guigna'')
                   }}
                |2=[[Oncilla]]&nbsp;(''L. tigrinus'')
                }}
             }}
          }}
       |2={{clade
          |label1=''[[Lynx]]''
          |1={{clade
             |1=[[Bobcat]]&nbsp;(''L. rufus'')
             |2={{clade
                 |1=[[Canada lynx]]&nbsp;(''L. canadensis'')
                 |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Eurasian lynx]]&nbsp;(''L. lynx'')
                     |2=[[Iberian lynx]]&nbsp;(''L. pardinus'')
                    }}
                }}
             }}
       |3={{clade
              |label1= ''[[Puma (genus)|Puma]]''
              |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Cougar]]&nbsp;(''P. concolor'')
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                }}
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       }}
    }}