Editing Old Italic scripts (section)

==Alphabets related to Etruscan==
The following table shows the ancient Italic scripts that are presumed{{by whom|date=August 2021}} to be related to the Etruscan alphabet. Symbols that are assumed to be correspondent are placed on the same column. Many symbols occur with two or more variant forms in the same script; only one variant is shown here. The notations '''[←]''' and '''[→]''' indicate that the shapes shown were used when writing right-to-left and left-to-right, respectively.

'''Warning: For the languages marked [?] the appearance of the "Letters" in the table is whatever one's browser's [[Unicode]] font shows for the corresponding code points in the [[Old Italic (Unicode block)|Old Italic Unicode block]]. The same code point represents different symbol shapes in different languages; therefore, to display those glyph images properly one needs to use a Unicode font specific to that language.'''

{|class="wikitable"
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]'''
|-
!Letter [←]
|{{Glyph|Phnx|aleph|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|beth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|gimel|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|daleth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|he|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|waw|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|zayin|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|heth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|teth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|yodh|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|kaph|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|lamedh|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|mem|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|nun|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|samekh|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|ayin|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|pe|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|sade|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|qoph|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|res|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|sin|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|taw|12}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Value
|ʾ||b||g||d||h||w||z||ḥ||ṭ||y||k||l||m||n||s||ʿ||p||ṣ||q||r||š||t||
|-
| colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Western Greek alphabet|Western Greek]]'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirchhoff |first=Adolf |date=1877 |title=Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets |url=https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc |publication-place=Berlin |publisher=Dümmler |ol=24337090M |page = [https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/102 102]}}</ref>{{sfn|Kirchhoff|1877|p=[https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/n179 168]}}
|-
!Letter [→]
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Alpha 03}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Beta 16}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Gamma archaic 1}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Delta 04}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Epsilon archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Digamma oblique}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Zeta archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Eta archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Theta archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Iota normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Kappa normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Lambda 09}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Mu 04}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Nu 01}}
|
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Omicron 04}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Pi archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|San 02}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Koppa normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Rho pointed}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Sigma normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Tau normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Upsilon normal}}
| style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"|{{GrGl|Chi normal}}
| style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"|{{GrGl|Phi archaic}}
| style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"|{{GrGl|Psi straight}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!Value
|a||b||g||d||e||w||zd||h||tʰ||i||k||l||m||n|| ||o||p||s||k||r||s||t||u||ks||pʰ||kʰ|| || ||
|-
!Transcription
|Α||Β||Γ||Δ||Ε||Ϝ||Ζ||Η||Θ||Ι||Κ||Λ||Μ||Ν||Ξ||Ο||Π||Ϻ||Ϙ||Ρ||Σ||Τ||Υ||X||Φ||Ψ|| || || ||
|-
| colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan]]''' – from 7th century BC<ref>{{cite book
  |publisher=Manchester University Press
  |ol=19629507M
  |isbn=0-7190-0902-2
  |publication-place=Manchester
  |title=The Etruscan language
  |url=https://archive.org/details/etruscanlanguage0000bonf
  |last=Bonfante |first=Giuliano
  |date=1983
  |oclc=610734784
  |page=[https://archive.org/details/etruscanlanguage0000bonf/page/64 64]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
  |publisher=DuMont
  |ol=1198388M
  |isbn=3-7701-3128-2
  |publication-place=Köln
  |title=Die Etrusker und ihre Welt
  |url=https://archive.org/details/dieetruskerundih0000stut
  |last=Stützer |first=Herbert Alexander
  |date=1992
  |lccn=94191271
  |oclc=611534598
  |page=[https://archive.org/details/dieetruskerundih0000stut/page/12 12]}}</ref>
|-
!Marsiliana [←]
| {{Glyph|Etru|A-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|B-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|C-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|D-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|E-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Z-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|H-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|TH-03|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|I-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|K-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|L-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|M-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|N-01|12}}
| {{GrGl|Xi archaic grid|12}}
| {{GrGl|Omicron 04|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|P-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|SH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Q-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|R-01|12}}
| {{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|T-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|V-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|X-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|PH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|KH-01|12}}
|  
|
|
|
|-
!Archaic (to 5th c.) [←]
| {{Glyph|Etru|A-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|C-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|E-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Z-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|H-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|TH-03|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|I-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|K-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|L-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|M-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|N-01|12}}
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|P-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|SH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Q-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|R-03|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|S-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|T-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|V-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|X-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|PH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|KH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-02|12}}
|
|
|
|-
!Neo (4th to 1st c.)[←]
| {{Glyph|Etru|A-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|C-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|E-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Z-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|H-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|TH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|I-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|L-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|M-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|N-02|12}}
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|P-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|SH-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|R-04|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|S-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|T-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|U-02|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|PH-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|KH-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-02|12}}
|
|
|
|-
! Value
| a
| 
| k
| 
| e
| w
| ts
| h
| t<sup>h</sup>
| i
| k
| l
| m
| n
| 
| 
| p
| ʃ
| k
| r
| s
| t
| u
| s
| p<sup>h</sup>
| k<sup>h</sup>
| f
|
|
|
|-
!Transcription
| a
| 
| c
| 
| e
| v
| z
| h
| θ
| i
| k
| l
| m
| n
| 
| 
| p
| ś
| q
| r
| s
| t
| u
| ṡ
| φ
| χ
| f
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Oscan language|Oscan]]''' – from 5th century BC<ref>{{Cite book
  |title=A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian
  |ol=7118142M
  |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft
  |publisher=Ginn
  |publication-place=Boston
  |last=Buck |first=Carl Darling 
  |date=1904
  |page=[https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft/page/22 22]}}</ref>
|-
!Letter [←]
| {{Glyph|Osca|A3|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|B1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|C1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|D1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|E1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|F2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|Z1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|H1|12}}
|
| {{Glyph|Osca|I1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|K2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|L2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|M1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|N1|12}}
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Osca|P1|12}}
|
|
| {{Glyph|Osca|R1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|S1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|T2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|U1|12}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Osca|F3|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|U3|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|I2|12}}
|
|-
! Value
|a||b||g||d||ɛ<ref group=lower-alpha name="zair2016">Zair (2016) uses /ɛ/ for <'''e'''> and /e/ for <'''í'''> as phonemic symbols.</ref>||w||ts||h|| ||i||k||l||m||n|| || ||p|| || ||r||s||t||u|| || || ||f||o||e<ref group=lower-alpha name="zair2016" /><ref group=lower-alpha>Buck (1904), p.&nbsp;22: «The '''í''' is used to indicate an open ''i''-sound, representing etymologically a short ''i'', an ''ē'', a short ''e'' in hiatus and occurring regularly in ''i''-diphthongs and in the combination '''ií''' representing ''ī''».</ref>||
|-
! Transcription
|a||b||g||d||e||v||z||h|| ||i||k||l||m||n|| || ||p|| || ||r||s||t||u|| || || ||f||ú||í ||
|-
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Lepontic language|Lepontic]]''' – 7th to 5th century BC
|-
!Letter [?][→]
| {{script|Ital|𐌀}}
| 
|
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌄}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌅}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌆}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌈}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌉}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌊}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌋}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌌}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌍}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌏}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌐}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌑}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌓}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌔}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌕}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌖}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌗}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Value
|-
!Transcription
|A|| || || ||E||V||Z|| ||Θ||I||K||L||M||N|| ||O||P||Ś|| ||R||S||T||U||X|| || || || || ||
|-
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[South Picene language|South Picene]]''' – from 6th century BC
|-
! Letter [?][→]
| {{script|Ital|𐌀}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌁}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌂}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌃}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌄}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌅}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌇}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌉}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌊}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌋}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌌}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌍}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌏}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌐}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌒}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌓}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌔}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌕}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌖}}
|
|
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌚}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌞}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌝}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌟}}
|-
! Value
|-
!Transcription
| A||B||G||D||E||V|| ||H|| ||I||K||L||M||N|| ||O||P|| ||Q||R||S||T||U|| || || ||F||Ú||Í||*
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

[[Image:Venetic Raetic Camunic Lepontic alphabets.png|thumb|upright 1.3|The alphabets of Este (Venetic), Magrè and Bolzano/Bozen-Sanzeno (Raetic), Sondrio (Camunic), Lugano (Lepontic)]]

Missing from the above table:
* [[Venetic language|Venetic]]
* [[Faliscan alphabet|Faliscan]]
* [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]]
* [[North Picene language|North Picene]]
* [[Rhaetic language|Rhaetic]] (Raetic)
* [[Camunic language|Camunic]]

===Etruscan alphabet===
{{alphabet}}
{{Main|Etruscan alphabet}}
Various [[Indo-European languages]] belonging to the [[Italic languages|Italic]] branch ([[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] and members of the [[Sabellian (language)|Sabellian]] group, including [[Oscan]], [[Umbrian]], and [[South Picene]], and other Indo-European branches such as [[Venetic]]) originally used the alphabet. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, [[North Picene]], and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is the Indo-European Family of Languages? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/indo-european-or-ie-1691060 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortson |first1=Benjamin W. |title=Indo-European language and culture : an introduction |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Pub |location=Malden, MA |isbn=1-4051-0316-7 |url=https://people.umass.edu/sharris/in/e412/BC%202%20Indo-European.pdf}}</ref>

===Nucerian alphabet===
[[Image:Segni alfabeto nucerino.tif|700px]]

The ''[[Nuceria]]n alphabet'' is based on inscriptions found in southern Italy ([[Nocera Superiore]], [[Sorrento]], [[Vico Equense]] and other places). It is attested only between the 6th and the 5th century BC.
The most important sign is the /S/, shaped like a fir tree, and possibly a derivation from the [[Phoenician alphabet]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Rhaetic alphabets===
[[File:Raetic alphabets.jpg|thumb|The Raetic alphabets]]
Attested in almost 400 inscriptions from mainly the [[Trentino]] and [[South Tyrol]] regions of Northern Italy, and [[North Tyrol]] (Austria) in two distinct alphabets: the alphabet of [[Sanzeno]], and the alphabet of Magrè (near [[Schio]]). It was used to write the [[Rhaetic]] language.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Schumacher |first1=Stefan |last2=Salomon |first2=Corinna |title=Die rätischen Inschriften vom Schneidjoch (Brandenberger Alpen, Tirol) |date=2019 |magazine=Die Höhle |number=70 |pages=159–174 |url=https://tir.univie.ac.at/images/8/88/Steinberg.pdf |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tir.univie.ac.at/wiki/Raetica |title=Raetica |website=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum |editor-last1=Schumacher |editor-first1=Stefan |editor-last2=Salomon |editor-first2=Corinna |editor-last3=Kluge |editor-first3=Sindy |editor-last4=Bajc |editor-first4=Gudrun |editor-last5=Braun |editor-first5=Martin |date=2020 |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Salomon |first=Corinna |date=2020 |title=Raetic |journal=Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua |issue=20 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.380|issn=1578-5386 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Venetic alphabet===
Alphabet of Este: Similar but not identical to that of Magrè, [[Venetic]] inscriptions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Camunic alphabet===
{{Further|Camunic language}}
Inscribed [[abecedaria]] and other short inscriptions found on [[rock drawings in Valcamonica]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Stefan |last=Schumacher |url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |title=Camunic: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe |website=Blackwell Reference Online |date=2000 |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314192121/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |archive-date=14 March 2014 |doi=10.1002/9781405166294}}</ref>

===Latin alphabet===
{{Main|History of the Latin alphabet}}
[[Image:Duenos inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Duenos inscription]], 6th century BC]]
21 of the 26 archaic Etruscan letters were adopted for [[Old Latin]] from the 7th century BC, either directly from the [[Cumae alphabet]], or via archaic Etruscan forms, compared to the classical Etruscan alphabet retaining B, D, K, O, Q, X but dropping Θ, Ξ, Ϻ, Φ, and Ψ.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sampson |first=Geoffrey |date=1985 |title=Writing systems: a linguistic introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof |url-access=registration |publication-place=Stanford, Calif. |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof/page/109 109] |isbn=978-0-8047-1254-5 |lccn=84040708}}</ref>

{| cellpadding = '5'
| {{script|Ital|𐌀}} || {{script|Ital|𐌁}} || {{script|Ital|𐌂}} || {{script|Ital|𐌃}} || {{script|Ital|𐌄}} || {{script|Ital|𐌅}} || {{script|Ital|𐌆}} || {{script|Ital|𐌇}} || {{script|Ital|𐌉}} || {{script|Ital|𐌊}} || {{script|Ital|𐌋}} || {{script|Ital|𐌌}} || {{script|Ital|𐌍}} || {{script|Ital|𐌏}} || {{script|Ital|𐌐}} || {{script|Ital|𐌒}} || {{script|Ital|𐌓}} || {{script|Ital|𐌔}} || {{script|Ital|𐌕}} || {{script|Ital|𐌖}} || {{script|Ital|𐌗}}
|-
| A || B || C || D || E || F || Z || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || V || X
|}

===South Picene alphabet===
{{Further|South Picene language}}
The South Picene alphabet, known from the 6th century BC, is most like the southern [[Etruscan alphabet]] in that it uses ''Q'' for /k/ and ''K'' for /g/.
{{angbr|.}} is a reduced {{angbr|o}} and {{angbr|:}} is a reduced {{angbr|8}}, used for {{IPA|/f/}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic |first=Jane |last=Stuart-Smith |date=2004 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-925773-6 }}</ref>