Editing On Aggression (section)

==Content==

===Programming===
{{see|Instinct}}

According to Lorenz, animals, particularly males, are biologically programmed to fight over resources. This behavior must be considered part of [[natural selection]], as aggression leading to death or serious injury may eventually lead to extinction unless it has such a role.

However, Lorenz does ''not'' state that aggressive behaviors are in any way more powerful, prevalent, or intense than more peaceful behaviors such as [[mating]] rituals. Rather, he negates the categorization of aggression as "contrary" to "positive" instincts like [[love]], depicting it as a founding basis of other instincts and its role in [[animal communication]].

{{anchor|Hydraulic model}}

===Hydraulic model===
[[File:Lorenz_hydraulic_model.svg|thumb|The psycho-hydraulic model of Lorenz]]
Additionally, Lorenz addresses behavior in humans, including discussion of a "[[hydraulic]]" model of emotional or instinctive pressures and their release, shared by [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]'s [[psychoanalytic theory]], and the abnormality of intraspecies violence and killing. Lorenz claimed that ''"present-day civilized man suffers from insufficient discharge of his aggressive drive"'' and suggested that low levels of aggressive behaviour prevented higher level responses resulting from "damming" them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Samuel S.|date=1976|title=The Lorenzian Theory of Aggression and Peace Research: A Critique|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002234337601300401|journal=Journal of Peace Research|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=253–276|doi=10.1177/002234337601300401|s2cid=109972910 |issn=0022-3433|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His 'hydraulic' model, of aggression as a force that builds relentlessly without cause unless released, remains less popular than a model in which aggression is a response to frustrated desires and aims. 

===Ritualization===
{{see|Ritualization}}

In the book, Lorenz describes the development of rituals among aggressive behaviors as beginning with a totally utilitarian action, but then [[evolution|evolving]] to more and more stylized actions, until finally, the action performed may be entirely symbolic and non-utilitarian, now fulfilling a function of communication. In Lorenz's words:

{{quote|Thus while the message of inciting [a particular aggressive behavior performed by the female of cooperating mated pairs] in [[ruddy shelduck]] and [[Egyptian geese]] could be expressed in the words 'Drive him off, thrash him!', in [[diving duck]]s [a related species in which this trait has been further ritualized] it simply means, 'I love you.' In several groups, midway between these two extremes, as for example in the [[gadwall]] and [[wigeon]], an intermediate meaning may be found, 'You are my hero. I rely on you.'<ref name="Lorenz2002">{{cite book|author=Konrad Lorenz|title=On Aggression|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIVK7wuY3kIC&pg=PA61|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28320-5|pages=61–}}</ref>}}