Editing One-drop rule (section)

==Native Americans==

Prior to colonization, and still in traditional communities, the idea of determining belonging by degree of "blood" was, and is, unheard of. Native American tribes did not use blood quantum law until the U.S. government introduced the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934, instead determining tribal status on the basis of kinship, lineage and family ties.<ref name=Tallbear1>{{cite journal |last=Tallbear |first=Kimberly |title=DNA, Blood, and Racializing the Tribe |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review  |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=81–107 |year=2003 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |jstor=140943 |doi=10.1353/wic.2003.0008|s2cid=201778441 }}</ref> However, many land cession treaties, particularly during [[Indian removal]] in the 19th century, contained provisions for "[[métis|mixed-blood]]" descendants of European and native ancestry to receive either parcels of land ceded in the treaty, or a share in a lump sum of money, with specifications as to the degree of tribal ancestry required to qualify. Though these did not typically apply a one-drop rule, determining the ancestry of individual claimants was not straightforward, and the process was often rife with fraud.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Waggoner |editor-first1=Linda M. |title="Neither white men nor Indians" : affidavits from the Winnebago mixed-blood claim commissions, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 1838-1839 |date=2002 |publisher=Park Genealogical Books |location=Roseville, MN |isbn=0-915709-95-3 |pages=101–112}}</ref>

Among [[patrilineal]] tribes, such as the [[Omaha people|Omaha]], historically a child born to an Omaha mother and a white father could belong officially to the Omaha tribe only if the child were formally adopted into it by a male citizen.{{#tag:ref|In 1855, John Bigelk, nephew of Big Elk, described a Sioux attack in which the [[mixed-race]] man [[Logan Fontenelle]], son of an Omaha woman and a French trader, was killed: "They killed the white man, the interpreter, who was with us." As the historian [[Melvin Randolph Gilmore]] noted, Bigelk called Fontenelle "a white man because he had a white father. This was a common designation of half-breeds by full-bloods, just as a [[mulatto]] might commonly be called a [black] by white people, although as much white as black by race."<ref name=TrueLogan>Melvin Randolph Gilmore, [http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/collections/vol19/v19p064.htm "The True Logan Fontenelle"], ''Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society'', Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, pp. 64–65, at GenNet. Retrieved 25 August 2011.</ref>|group="note"}} In contemporary practice, tribal laws around citizenship and parentage can vary widely between nations.

Between 1904 and 1919, tribal members [[Black Indians in the United States|with any amount of African ancestry]] were [[Tribal disenrollment|disenrolled]] from the [[Chitimacha]] tribe of Louisiana, and their descendants have since then been denied tribal membership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww38.lalosttribe.com/louisianas-lost-tribe-our-story.html|title=lalosttribe.com|website=ww38.lalosttribe.com}}</ref>