Editing Open back unrounded vowel (section)

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|d'''aa'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[dɑːr]}} || 'there' || The quality varies between open near-back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑ̟ː]}}, open back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑː]}} and even open back rounded {{IPAblink|ɒː}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]]
|{{Lang|nfl|k'''â'''nongä}}
|{{IPA|[kɑnoŋæ]}}
|'I want'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=39}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|طويل]]|rtl=yes}} / ''ṭ'''a'''wīl''|| {{IPA|[tˤɑˈwiːl]}} || 'tall' || Allophone of long and short {{IPA|/a/}} near [[emphatic consonant]]s, depending on the speaker's accent. See [[Arabic phonology]] 
|-
|[[Essaouira]]{{sfnp|Francisco|2019|p=74}}
|{{Lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|قال]]}} / ''q'''ā'''l''
|{{IPA|[qɑːl]}}
|'he said'
|One of the possible realisations of {{IPA|/ā/}}.{{sfnp|Francisco|2019|p=74}}
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=39}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|հ'''ա'''ց]]}} / ''h'''a'''cʿ''|| {{IPA|[hɑt͡sʰ]}} || 'bread' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}} || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|q'''a'''rd'''a'''ş]]}} || {{IPA|[ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ]}} || 'brother' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
| {{lang|ba-Cyrl|[[:wikt:ҡаҙ|ҡ'''а'''ҙ]]}} / {{lang|ba-Latn|q'''a'''đ}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg|[qɑð]}}
| 'goose'
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || Many dialects{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|p'''a'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫ]}} || 'stick' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| Some dialects{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=90–92}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|m'''à''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑ]}} || 'hand' || More central ({{IPA|[ɑ̟]}}, {{IPAblink|ä}}) in other dialects; fully front {{IPAblink|a}} in Majorcan Catalan.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=90–92}}
|-
| Some [[Valencian language|Valencian]] and Majorcan speakers{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|ll'''o'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎ̟ɑk]}} || 'place' || Unrounded allophone of {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in some accents.{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} Can be centralized.
|-
| Some southern [[Valencian language|Valencian]] speakers{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=131–132}} || | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|b'''o'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɑw]}} || 'bull' || Pronunciation of the vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before {{IPA|[w]}}.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=131–132}} Can be centralized.
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Mou|2006|p=65}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|棒]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|b'''à'''ng]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-bàng.ogg|[pɑŋ˥˩]}} || 'stick' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp|Mou|2006|p=65}} See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || rowspan="3" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''a'''d]]}} || {{IPA|[bɑt]}} || rowspan="3" | 'bath' || Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{IPA|[ɑ̝̈]}}.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[Leiden]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɑ̝t]}} || rowspan="2" | Near-open fully back; can be rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̝}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[Rotterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}
|-
| [[Amsterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=78, 104, 133}} || rowspan="3" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''aa'''p]]}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɑːp]}} || rowspan="3" | 'monkey' || rowspan="3" | Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|aː}} ~ {{IPAplink|äː}}]}} in standard Dutch.
|-
| [[Antwerp]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=104, 133}}
|-
| [[Utrecht]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=104, 133}}
|-
| [[The Hague dialect|The Hague]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=136}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|n'''auw''']]}} || {{IPA|[nɑː]}} || 'narrow' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[ʌu]}} in standard Dutch. 
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[English language|English]] || [[Cardiff dialect|Cardiff]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}} || rowspan=3 | [[English orthography|h'''o'''t]] || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[hɑ̝̈t]}} || rowspan=3 | 'hot' || rowspan="2" | Somewhat raised and fronted.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}}
|-
| [[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}}
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || {{IPA|[hɑt]}} || May be more front [{{IPA|ɑ̟}} ~ {{IPA link|ä}}], especially in accents without the [[cot-caught merger]].{{clarification needed|date=July 2024}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} || rowspan="4" | [[English orthography|p'''a'''lm]] || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[pɑːm]}} || rowspan="4" | 'palm' || Fully back. It can be more front {{IPA|[ɑ̟ː]}} instead.
|-
| General [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=117}} || Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [{{IPA link|ɒː}} ~ {{IPA link|ɔː}}] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel {{IPA|[{{IPA|ɑ̟ː}} ~ {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}. See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| Cultivated<br/>[[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116-117}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[pɑ̟ːm]}} || rowspan="2" | Typically [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|more front]] than cardinal {{IPA|[ɑ]}}. It may be as front as {{IPAblink|äː}} in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See [[English phonology]] and [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}}
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Non-local Dublin]]<ref name="unidue">{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#GlossB|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> || [[English orthography|b'''a'''ck]] || {{IPA|[bɑq]}} || 'back' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before velars for some speakers.<ref name="unidue"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|v'''a'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ]}} || 'lie' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=69, 79}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|v'''á'''tur]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑːtʊɹ]}} || 'wet' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/ɔɑ/}} in standard language.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=69, 79}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|k'''a'''n'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝]}} || 'hen' || Near-open,{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} also described as open central {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|1984}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}</ref> See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || Conservative Parisian{{sfnp|Ashby|2011|p=100}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=225–227}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|p'''a'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[pɑ]}} || 'not' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|a}}, but many speakers have only one open vowel {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} See [[French phonology]]
|-
| [[Quebec French|Quebec]]{{sfnp|Walker|1984|p=53}} || {{lang|fr-x-quebec|[[French orthography|p'''â'''te]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q150 (fra)-Simon Villeneuve-pâte.wav|[pɑːt]|help=no}} || 'paste' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|a}}.{{sfnp|Walker|1984|p=53}} See [[Quebec French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]]{{sfnp|Regueira|1996|p=122}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|pp=72–73}} || {{lang|gl|irm'''á'''n}} ||{{IPA|[iɾˈmɑŋ]}} || 'brother' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp|Regueira|1996|p=122}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|pp=72–73}} See [[Galician phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|გუდ'''ა''']]}} / {{lang|ka-Latn|gud'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[k̬ud̪ɑ]}} || 'leather bag'|| Usually not fully back {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, typically {{IPA|[ɑ̟]}} to {{IPA|[ä]}}.<ref>{{Citation|last=Aronson|first=Howard|year=1990|title=Georgian: A Reading Grammar|edition=2nd|publisher=Slavica|place=Columbus, OH}}</ref> Sometimes transcribed as {{IPA|/a/}}.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 38}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|Gourm'''and''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː]}} || 'gourmand' || [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]; often realized as rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̃ː}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=38}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|n'''ah''']]}} || {{IPA|[nɑː]}} || 'near' || Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.{{sfnp|Moosmüller|Schmid|Brandstätter|2015|pp=342–344}} More front in other accents. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]] || [[Varieties of Modern Greek|Sfakian]]{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|pp=83–84}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek orthography|μπύρ'''α''']]}} / ''býr'''a'''''|| {{IPA|[ˈbirɑ]}} || "beer" || Corresponds to central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ä}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɐ}}]}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}}{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|pp=25, 28}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Vago|1980|p=1}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|m'''a'''gy'''a'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑɟɑr]}} || 'Hungarian' || Weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ}} in standard Hungarian.{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| [[Inuit language|Inuit]] || [[West Greenlandic]]{{sfnp|Fortescue|1990|p=317}} || {{lang|kl|oq'''a'''rpoq}} || {{IPA|[ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚]}} || 'he says' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before and especially between uvulars.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1990|p=317}} See [[Inuit phonology]]
|-
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|Some Piedmont dialects
|{{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|c'''a'''s'''a''']]}}
|[ˈkɑːzɑ]
|'house'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{IPA|[ä]}}.
|-
|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|[[Munster Irish|Munster Dialect]]
|{{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''á'''it]]}}
|[ɑːtʲ]
|'place'
|See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|'''a'''lm'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝]}} || 'apple' || Can be realised as near-open.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || {{lang|kgp|g'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[ᵑɡɑ]}} || 'land, soil' || Varies between back {{IPA|[ɑ]}} and central {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ស្ករ]]}} / {{transliteration|km|sk'''â'''r}} || {{IPA|[skɑː]}} || 'sugar' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} || {{lang|li|b'''a'''ts}} || {{IPA|[bɑ̽ts]}} || 'buttock' || The quality varies between open back {{IPA|[ɑ]}},{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} open near-back {{IPA|[ɑ̟]}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}} and near-open near-back {{IPA|[ɑ̽]}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} (illustrated in the example word, which is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]]), depending on the dialect.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Low German]]{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}} || {{lang|nds|'''a'''l}} / {{lang|nds-NL|'''aa'''l}} || {{IPA|[ɑːl]}} || 'all' || Backness may vary among dialects.{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|K'''a'''pp}} || {{IPA|[kʰɑ̝p]}} || 'head' || Near-open fully back.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Malay language|Malay]] ||[[Kedah Malay|Kedah]]{{sfnp|Zaharani Ahmad|1991}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|mat'''a''']]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ma.tɑ]}}|| rowspan="2" | 'eye' || See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]]
|Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
|-
|Standard
|''q'''a'''ri''
|{{IPA|[qɑ.ri]}}
|'qari'
|Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [{{IPA link|ä}}]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|h'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[hɑːt]}} || 'hate' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]]. Central {{IPAblink|äː}} in some other dialects.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=16–17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ||Some [[Portuguese dialects#Portugal|Azorean]] dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese alphabet|n'''a'''da]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnɑdɐ]}} || 'nothing' || See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|Paulista{{Sfnp|Galastri|2011|p=21}}
|{{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese alphabet|veget'''a'''l]]}}
|{{IPA|[veʒe'tɑʊ]}}
|'vegetable'
|Only immediately before {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.{{Sfnp|Galastri|2011|p=21}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''а'''лка]]}} / ''p'''a'''lka''|| {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫkə]}} || 'stick' || Occurs only before the hard {{IPA|/l/}}, but not when a [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonant precedes. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=53}} || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography|b'''a'''lach]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑl̪ˠəx]}} || 'boy' || Allophone of {{IPAblink|a}} in proximity to broad sonorants.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sema language|Sema]]{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}} || {{lang|nsm|amq'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[à̠mqɑ̀]}} || 'lower back' || Possible realization of {{IPA|/a/}} after uvular stops.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Some dialects || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|j'''a'''g]]}} || {{IPA|[jɑːɡ]}} || 'I' || Weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̜ː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}} || {{lang|tcx|'''ஆ'''ந}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̝ːn]}} || 'elephant' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}|| {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[ɑt̪]}} || 'horse' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|м'''а'''ти]]}} / ''m'''a'''ty''|| {{IPA|[ˈmɑtɪ]}} || 'mother'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
|Some dialects in [[Hà Tĩnh Province|North Central]] and [[Quảng Nam Province|Central]]
|{{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese orthography|g'''à''']]}}
|{{IPA|[ɣɑ˨˩]}}
|'chicken'
|See [[Vietnamese phonology]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Phạm|first=Andrea Hòa|date=2014|title=Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Ngôn-ngữ-biến-đổi-và-số-phận-cuả-nguyên-âm-a-trong-Giọng-Quảng-Nam.pdf|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)|language=vi|volume=6|pages=10–18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Phạm|first=Andrea Hòa|date=2016|title=Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Sự-biến-âm-trong-vần-tiếng-Việt-thổ-ngữ-làng-Hến-huyện-Đức-Thọ-tỉnh-Hà-tĩnh.pdf|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)|language=vi|volume=11|pages=7–28}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || Standard{{sfnp|de Haan|2010|p=333}} || {{lang|fy|l'''a'''ng}} || {{IPA|[ɫɑŋ]}} || 'long' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Visser|1997|p=14}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| Aastersk{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} || {{lang|fy|m'''aa'''t}} || {{IPA|[mɑːt]}} || 'mate' || Contrasts with a front {{IPAslink|aː}}.{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|}