Editing Operation Uphold Democracy (section)

=== Coup and refugee crisis ===
[[File:USS_Moinester_(FF-1097)_with_Haitian_refugees_at_Guantanamo_Bay_1991.jpg|left|thumb|[[USS Moinester|USS ''Moinester'']] (FF-1097) delivering [[Haitian boat people]] to [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]] during the [[Haitian refugee crisis]] in 1991]]
Following the [[1991 Haitian coup d'état|September 1991 Haitian coup d'état]], which led to the ''de facto'' leadership of military officer [[Raoul Cédras]], the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) began [[economic sanctions]] against Haiti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kretchik |first=Walter E. |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/kretchikw.pdf |title=Invasion, Intervention, "Intervasion": A Concise History of the U.S. Army in Operation Uphold Democracy |last2=Baumann |first2=Robert F. |last3=Fishel |first3=John T. |publisher=[[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] |year=1998}}</ref> Following this, the [[Haitian refugee crisis]] began, with 14,000 [[Haitian boat people]] being gathered from the [[Caribbean Sea]] by the United States by January 1992 and President [[George H. W. Bush]] forcing Haitian refugees not eligible for asylum to return the following month.<ref name=":0" /> The [[National Assembly of Haiti]], Aristide and OAS nations draft the "Washington Protocol" in February 1992, establishing a timeline for restoring democracy in Haiti, though the Haitian Supreme Court declares the protocol null and void in April 1992, leading to increased sanctions from OAS nations.<ref name=":0" /> The following month, President Bush signed an [[executive order]] banning Haitian asylum and requiring forced [[repatriation]], a policy that was continued by President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref name=":0" /> By the end of 1992, 38,000 Haitians were intercepted according to the OAS.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gavigan |first=Patrick |date=1997 |title=Migration Emergencies and Human Rights in Haiti |url=http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/gavigane.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710065301/http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/gavigane.html |archive-date=July 10, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2017 |website=www.oas.org}}</ref>