Editing Pakistan Movement (section)

===Background===
{{main|British Raj|}}
During the early 19th century, [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]]'s radical and influential [[British education|educational reforms]] led to numerous changes to the introduction and teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and [[Latin language|Latin]]), [[Western history|history]], and [[Western philosophy|philosophy]].<ref name="columbia.edu">For text see [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html "Minute by the Hon'ble T. B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024015520/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html |date=24 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260">{{cite journal |author=Stephen Evans |year=2002 |title=Macaulay's minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=260–281 |doi=10.1080/01434630208666469|s2cid=144856725 }}</ref> Religious studies and the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages were completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time, the English language had become not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language.<ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260" />
Traditional [[Hindu studies|Hindu]] and [[Islamic studies]] were no longer supported by the [[British monarchy|British Crown]], and nearly all of the ''[[madrasah]]''s lost their ''[[waqf]]'' ({{lit|[[financial endowment]]}}).<ref name="columbia.edu"/><ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260"/>

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File:Sir David Baird Discovering Body of Tipu Sultan.jpg|Sir David Baird discovering the body of Tipu Sultan
File:Edward Armitage (1817-96) - The Battle of Meeanee, 17 February 1843 - RCIN 407185 - Royal Collection.jpg|The Battle of Miani during the [[British conquest of Sindh|conquest of Sindh]]
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