Editing Palladian architecture (section)

== Venetian and Palladian windows ==
[[File:Vicenza Basilica Palladiana 03.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Basilica Palladiana]], [[Vicenza]] (from 1546) – loggia with Palladian windows|alt=See caption]]
Palladian, Serlian,{{refn|After [[Sebastiano Serlio]] (1475–1554), an architect and illustrator whose ''L'Architetturra'' was a model for Palladio's ''I quattro libri dell'architettura''.{{sfn|Curl|2016|p=696}}|group=n}} or Venetian windows are a trademark of Palladio's early career. There are two different versions of the [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]]: the simpler one is called a [[Venetian window]], and the more elaborate a Palladian window or "Palladian motif", although this distinction is not always observed.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ribaj.com/culture/palladian-windows|title=Seven Palladian windows|journal=[[RIBA Journal]]|date=7 September 2014|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523235233/https://www.ribaj.com/culture/palladian-windows|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Venetian window has three parts: a central high round-arched opening, and two smaller rectangular openings to the sides. The side windows are topped by [[lintel]]s and supported by columns.{{sfn|Summerson|1981|p=134}} This is derived from the ancient Roman [[triumphal arch]], and was first used outside Venice by Donato Bramante and later mentioned by [[Sebastiano Serlio]] (1475–1554) in his seven-volume architectural book ''[[Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva]]'' (''All the Works of Architecture and Perspective'') expounding the ideals of Vitruvius and Roman architecture.{{sfn|Wittkower|1974|p=156}} It can be used in series, but is often only used once in a façade, as at [[New Wardour Castle]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1146004|title= Wardour Castle|publisher= [[Historic England]]|work= [[National Heritage List for England]]|access-date= 19 June 2022|archive-date= 19 June 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220619151524/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1146004|url-status= live}}</ref> or once at each end, as on the inner façade of [[Burlington House]] (true Palladian windows).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1226676|title=Royal Academy including Burlington House and Galleries and Royal Academy Schools Buildings|publisher=[[Historic England]]|work=[[National Heritage List for England]]|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310095208/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1226676|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|The architectural historian [[Timothy Mowl]] notes that the placing of the Venetian windows in each end bay was, in fact, "something Palladio never did."{{sfn|Mowl|2006|p=83}}|group=n}}

Palladio's elaboration of this, normally used in a series, places a larger or [[giant order]] in between each window, and doubles the small columns supporting the side lintels, placing the second column behind rather than beside the first. This was introduced in the {{lang|it|[[Biblioteca Marciana]]|italic=no}} in Venice by [[Jacopo Sansovino]] (1537), and heavily adopted by Palladio in the [[Basilica Palladiana]] in Vicenza,{{sfn|Summerson|1981|pp=129–130}} where it is used on both storeys; this feature was less often copied. The openings in this elaboration are not strictly windows, as they enclose a loggia. [[Pilaster]]s might replace columns, as in other contexts. Sir [[John Summerson]] suggests that the omission of the doubled columns may be allowed, but the term "Palladian motif" should be confined to cases where the larger order is present.{{sfn|Summerson| 1981|p=130}}
[[File:Claydon House - geograph.org.uk - 1285177.jpg|thumb|[[Claydon House]] (begun 1757) – the [[Venetian window]] in the central bay is surrounded by a unifying blind arch<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1288461|title= Claydon House|publisher= [[Historic England]]|work= [[National Heritage List for England]]|access-date= 2 July 2022|archive-date= 2 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220702074509/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1288461|url-status= live}}</ref>|alt=See caption]]

Palladio used these elements extensively, for example in very simple form in his entrance to [[Villa Forni Cerato]].{{sfn|Wundram|Pape|2004|pp=27–30}} It is perhaps this extensive use of the motif in the Veneto that has given the window its alternative name of the Venetian window. Whatever the name or the origin, this form of window has become one of the most enduring features of Palladio's work seen in the later architectural styles evolved from Palladianism.{{sfn|Constant|1993|p=42}}{{refn|A notable example in America is the Palladian window set into the north front of [[Mount Vernon]], [[George Washington]]'s home in Virginia. The centrepiece of the New Room, and installed during Washington's second rebuilding, the window draws heavily on a design from [[Batty Langley]]'s ''City and Country Builder's and Workman's Treasury of Designs'', published in 1750.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/palladian-window/|first=Lydia Mattice|last=Brandt|title=Palladian Window|publisher=Mount Vernon Estate|access-date=31 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706002416/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/palladian-window/|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}} According to [[James Lees-Milne]], its first appearance in Britain was in the remodelled wings of Burlington House, London, where the immediate source was in the English court architect [[Inigo Jones]]'s designs for [[Whitehall Palace]] rather than drawn from Palladio himself. Lees-Milne describes the Burlington window as "the earliest example of the revived Venetian window in England".{{sfn|Lees-Milne|1986|p=100}}

A variant, in which the motif is enclosed within a relieving [[blind arch]] that unifies the motif, is not Palladian, though Richard Boyle seems to have assumed it was so, in using a drawing in his possession showing three such features in a plain wall. Modern scholarship attributes the drawing to [[Vincenzo Scamozzi]].{{refn|Inigo Jones met Scamozzi in Venice in 1613–1614 and the former's acerbic criticisms of the latter, "in this as in most things Scamozzi errs", have been much analysed by architectural historians. Nonetheless, Giles Worsley notes the large number of books and drawings by Scamozzi Jones held in his library, and their considerable influence on his work.{{sfn|Worsley|2007|p=99}}|group=n}} Burlington employed the motif in 1721 for an elevation of [[Tottenham House|Tottenham Park]] in [[Savernake Forest]] for his brother-in-law Lord Bruce (since remodelled).{{sfn|Bold|1988|pp=140–144}}{{refn|A design by Burlington for a Kitchen block at Tottenham draws inspiration very directly from a Palladio design for the [[Villa Valmarana (Vigardolo)]].{{sfn|Harris|1995|pp=88–89}}|group=n}} [[William Kent]] used it in his designs for the Houses of Parliament, and it appears in his executed designs for the north front of [[Holkham Hall]].{{sfn|Lees-Milne|1986|p=133}} Another example is [[Claydon House]], in [[Buckinghamshire]]; the remaining fragment is one wing of what was intended to be one of two flanking wings to a vast Palladian house. The scheme was never completed and parts of what was built have since been demolished.<ref name="auto2"/>