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Percolation
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==Examples== * Coffee percolation (see Fig. 1), where the solvent is water, the permeable substance is the coffee grounds, and the soluble constituents are the chemical compounds that give coffee its color, taste, and aroma. * Movement of weathered material down on a slope under the earth's surface. * Cracking of trees with the presence of two conditions, sunlight and pressure. * Collapse and robustness of biological virus shells to random subunit removal (experimentally-verified fragmentation of viruses).<ref name="Brunk Twarock p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Brunk | first1=Nicholas E. | last2=Twarock | first2=Reidun | title=Percolation Theory Reveals Biophysical Properties of Virus-like Particles | journal=ACS Nano | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | date=2021-07-23 | volume=15 | issue=8 | pages=12988β12995 | issn=1936-0851 | doi=10.1021/acsnano.1c01882 | pmid=34296852 | pmc=8397427 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1088/1478-3975/aac194|pmid = 29714713|pmc = 6004236|title = Molecular jenga: The percolation phase transition (collapse) in virus capsids|journal = Physical Biology|volume = 15|issue = 5|pages = 056005|year = 2018|last1 = Brunk|first1 = Nicholas E.|last2 = Lee|first2 = Lye Siang|last3 = Glazier|first3 = James A.|last4 = Butske|first4 = William|last5 = Zlotnick|first5 = Adam|bibcode = 2018PhBio..15e6005B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1002/pro.3265|pmid = 28795465|pmc = 5654856|title = A molecular breadboard: Removal and replacement of subunits in a hepatitis B virus capsid|journal = Protein Science|volume = 26|issue = 11|pages = 2170β2180|year = 2017|last1 = Lee|first1 = Lye Siang|last2 = Brunk|first2 = Nicholas|last3 = Haywood|first3 = Daniel G.|last4 = Keifer|first4 = David|last5 = Pierson|first5 = Elizabeth|last6 = Kondylis|first6 = Panagiotis|last7 = Wang|first7 = Joseph Che-Yen|last8 = Jacobson|first8 = Stephen C.|last9 = Jarrold|first9 = Martin F.|last10 = Zlotnick|first10 = Adam}}</ref> * Transport in porous media. * Spread of diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grassberger |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Grassberger |title=On the Critical Behavior of the General Epidemic Process and Dynamical Percolation |journal=Mathematical Biosciences |volume=63 |issue=2 <!-- |month=April -->|pages=157β172 |year=1983 |doi=10.1016/0025-5564(82)90036-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.66.016128|title=Spread of epidemic disease on networks|year=2002|last1=Newman|first1=M. E. J.|journal=Physical Review E|volume=66|issue=1 Pt 2|page=016128|pmid=12241447|arxiv=cond-mat/0205009|bibcode=2002PhRvE..66a6128N|s2cid=15291065}}</ref> * Surface roughening.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} * Dental percolation, increase rate of decay under crowns because of a conducive environment for strep mutants and lactobacillus * Potential sites for septic systems are tested by the "[[Percolation test|perc test]]". Example/theory: A hole (usually 6β10 inches in diameter) is dug in the ground surface (usually 12β24" deep). Water is filled in to the hole, and the time is measured for a drop of one inch in the water surface. If the water surface quickly drops, as usually seen in poorly-graded sands, then it is a potentially good place for a septic "[[Septic drain field|leach field]]". If the hydraulic conductivity of the site is low (usually in clayey and loamy soils), then the site is undesirable.
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