Editing Performance art (section)

==Origins==
[[File:Cabaret Voltaire Veranstaltung.JPG|thumb|Revived [[Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)|Cabaret Voltaire]] on the Spiegelgasse street 1 in [[Zürich]], 2011]]

Performance art is a form of expression that was born as an alternative artistic manifestation. The discipline emerged in 1916 parallel to dadaism, under the umbrella of conceptual art. The movement was led by [[Tristan Tzara]], one of the pioneers of [[Dada]]. Western culture theorists have set the origins of performance art in the beginnings of the 20th century, along with [[Constructivism (art)|constructivism]], [[Futurism]] and Dadaism. Dada was an important inspiration because of their poetry actions, which drifted apart from conventionalisms, and futurist artists, specially some members of [[Russian futurism]], could also be identified as part of the starting process of performance art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Performanceras y dadaístas|url=https://conlaa.com/performanceras-dadaistas/|publisher=Con la a|date=2020|access-date=May 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rojas|first1=Diego|title=La performance, esa forma radical y perturbadora del arte contemporáneo|url=https://www.infobae.com/cultura/2017/05/20/la-performance-esa-forma-radical-y-perturbadora-del-arte-contemporaneo/|access-date=May 23, 2020|work=Infobae|date=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Placa en Cabaret Voltaire retouched.jpg|left|thumb|Original plaque of the [[Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)|Cabaret Voltaire]] in Zürich]]
[[File:Marcel Słodki Cabaret-Voltaire-poster 1916.jpg|thumb|Original poster of the first function of the Cabaret Voltaire, by [[Marcel Słodki]] (1916)]]

===Cabaret Voltaire===
{{main|Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)}}

The [[Cabaret Voltaire (Zürich)|Cabaret Voltaire]] was founded in [[Zürich]], Switzerland by the couple [[Hugo Ball]] and [[Emmy Hennings]] for artistic and political purposes, and was a place where new tendencies were explored. Located on the upper floor of a theater, whose exhibitions they mocked in their shows, the works interpreted in the cabaret were avant garde and experimental. It is thought that the Dada movement was founded in the ten-meter-square locale.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sooke|first=Alastair|title=Cabaret Voltaire: A night out at history's wildest nightclub|website=BBC Culture|date=20 July 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160719-cabaret-voltaire-a-night-out-at-historys-wildest-nightclub}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Cabaret Voltaire|newspaper=Suiza Turismo|url=https://www.myswitzerland.com/es/descubrir-suiza/cabaret-voltaire/|language=es|access-date=16 November 2022 |last1=Tourismus |first1=Schweiz }}</ref> Moreover, Surrealists, whose movement descended directly from Dadaism, used to meet in the Cabaret. On its brief existence—barely six months, closing the summer of 1916—the Dadaist Manifesto was read and it held the first Dada actions, performances, and hybrid poetry, plastic art, music and repetitive action presentations. Founders such as [[Richard Huelsenbeck]], [[Marcel Janco]], [[Tristan Tzara]], [[Sophie Taeuber-Arp]] and [[Jean Arp]] participated in provocative and scandalous events that were fundamental and the basis of the foundation for the anarchist movement called Dada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160719-cabaret-voltaire-a-night-out-at-historys-wildest-nightclub|title=Cabaret Voltaire: A night out at history's wildest nightclub|access-date=March 4, 2018|last=Sooke|first=Alastair}}</ref>

[[File:Grand opening of the first Dada exhibition, Berlin, 5 June 1920.jpg|left|thumb|Grand opening of the first Dada exhibition: International Dada Fair, Berlin, June 5, 1920. From left to right: [[Raoul Hausmann]], [[Hannah Höch]] (sitting), Otto Burchard, [[Johannes Baader]], [[Wieland Herzfelde]], Margarete Herzfelde, Dr. Oz (Otto Schmalhausen), [[George Grosz]] and [[John Heartfield]].<ref>[https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/dada ''World War I and Dada''], Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).</ref>]]

Dadaism was born with the intention of destroying any system or established norm in the art world.<ref name=":2" /> It is an anti-art movement, anti-literary and anti-poetry, that questioned the existence of art, literature and poetry itself. Not only was it a way of creating, but of living; it created a whole new ideology.<ref name="ref_duplicada_2" /> It was against eternal beauty, the eternity of principles, the laws of logic, the immobility of thought and clearly against anything universal. It promoted change, spontaneity, immediacy, contradiction, randomness and the defense of chaos against the order and imperfection against perfection, ideas similar to those of performance art. They stood for provocation, anti-art protest and scandal, through ways of expression many times satirical and ironic. The absurd or lack of value and the chaos protagonized{{clarify|date=October 2020}} their breaking actions with traditional artistic form.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Lomelí|first1=Natalia|title=Cabaret Voltaire: El inicio del dadaísmo|url=https://culturacolectiva.com/arte/cabaret-voltaire-inicio-del-dadaismo|access-date=May 23, 2020|work=Cultura Colectiva|date=December 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ref_duplicada_2">De Micheli, Mario: ''Le Avanguardie artistiche del Novecento'', 1959.</ref><ref>Albright, Daniel: ''Modernism and music: an anthology of sources''. [[University of Chicago Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0-226-01266-2}}.</ref><ref>Elger, Dietmar: ''Dadaísmo''. [[Alemania]]: [[Taschen]], 2004. {{ISBN|3-8228-2946-3}}.</ref>

Cabaret Voltaire closed in 1916, but was revived in the 21st century.

[[File:Poshechina_obshestvennomu_vkusu.jpg|left|thumb|Left to right, futurists Benedikt Lifshits, Nikolái Burluik, Vladímir Mayakovski, [[David Burliuk]] and Alekséi Kruchónyj. Between 1912 and 1913.|alt=]]
[[File:Bauhaus-Dessau main building.jpg|thumb|[[Bauhaus]] [[Dessau]] building, 2005]]

===Futurism===
{{main|Futurism}}

[[Futurism]] was an artistic [[avant garde]] movement that appeared in 1909. It first started as a literary movement, even though most of the participants were painters. In the beginning it also included sculpture, photography, music and cinema. The First World War put an end to the movement, even though in Italy it went on until the 1930s. One of the countries where it had the most impact was Russia.<ref name=":4" /> In 1912 manifestos such as the ''Futurist Sculpture Manifesto'' and the ''Futurist Architecture'' arose, and in 1913 the ''Manifesto of Futurist Lust'' by [[Valentine de Saint-Point]], dancer, writer and French artist. The futurists spread their theories through encounters, meetings and conferences in public spaces, that got close to the idea of a political concentration, with poetry and music-halls, which anticipated performance art.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=El Futurismo|url=http://www.ccapitalia.net/?p=1574|publisher=CCapitalia|date=July 14, 2005|access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name=lex>{{cite book|last1=Lajo Pérez|first1=Rosina|title=Léxico de arte|date=1990|publisher=Akal|location=Madrid – España|isbn=978-84-460-0924-5|page=87}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bróccoli|first1=Betina|title=El futurismo: a cien años de la estética de la velocidad|url=http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=el_futurismo_a_cien_anos_de_la_estetica_de_la_velocidad&id=676|access-date=June 5, 2020|work=Argentina Investiga|date=June 29, 2009}}</ref>

===Bauhaus===
{{main|Bauhaus}}
The [[Bauhaus]], an art school founded in Weimar in 1919, included an experimental performing arts workshops with the goal of exploring the relationship between the body, space, sound and light. The [[Black Mountain College]], founded in the United States by instructors of the original Bauhaus who were exiled by the Nazi Party, continued incorporating experimental performing arts in the scenic arts training twenty years before the events related to the history of performance in the 1960s.<ref>Essers, V., "La modernidad clásica. La pintura durante la primera mitad del siglo XX", en ''Los maestros de la pintura occidental'', volumen II, Taschen, 2005. {{ISBN|3-8228-4744-5}}, pág. 555</ref> The name Bauhaus derives from the German words Bau, ''construction'' and Haus, ''house''; ironically, despite its name and the fact that his founder was an architect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture department the first years of its existence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Esaak|first1=Shelley|title=Performance Art 1960s-Present|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/performance-art-history-basics-182390|access-date=June 7, 2020|work=Thought CO|date=July 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/1997/09/01/cultura/01N0054.html|title=Unesco declara la Bauhaus Patrimonio de la Humanidad|last=Casadeval|first=Gema|date=September 1, 1997|publisher=El Mundo|access-date=June 7, 2020}}</ref>

===Action painting===
{{main|Action Painting}}
In the 1940s and 1950s, the action painting technique or movement gave artists the possibility of interpreting the canvas as an area to act in, rendering the paintings as traces of the artist's performance in the studio <ref name="cork" /> According to art critic [[Harold Rosenberg]], it was one of the initiating processes of performance art, along with abstract expressionism. [[Jackson Pollock]] is the action painter par excellence, who carried out many of his actions live.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson Pollock, el artista de acción|url=https://totenart.com/noticias/jackson-pollock-accion/|access-date=May 20, 2020|work=Totenart|date=2019}}</ref> In Europe [[Yves Klein]] did his Anthropométries using (female) bodies to paint canvasses as a public action.  Names to be highlighted are [[Willem de Kooning]] and [[Franz Kline]], whose work include abstract and action painting.<ref name=cork>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/action-painting.htm|title=Action Painting Technique: Definition, Characteristics |access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.aspid=9798|title=''The American Action Painters''|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Harold|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=artsy>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/action-painting|title=Action Painting Artsy|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>

===Nouveau réalisme===
{{main|Nouveau réalisme}}
[[Nouveau réalisme]] is another one of the artistic movements cited in the beginnings of performance art. It was a painting movement founded in 1960 by art critic [[Pierre Restany]] and painter [[Yves Klein]], during the first collective exhibition in the Apollinaire Gallery in Milan. Nouveau réalisme was, along with Fluxus and other groups, one of the many avant garde tendencies of the 1960s. [[Pierre Restany]] created various performance art assemblies in the [[Tate Modern]], amongst other spaces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pierre Restany, 'Modern Magic at the Tate', Studio International, June 1968|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/performance-at-tate/resources/reviews-and-articles/stuart-brisley-pierre-restany-studio-international|work=Tate Modern|date=June 1968|access-date=May 20, 2020}}</ref> Yves Klein is one of the main exponents of the movement. He was a clear pioneer of performance art, with his conceptual pieces like ''[[Zone de Sensibilité Picturale Immatérielle]]'' (1959–62), ''Anthropométries'' (1960), and the photomontage ''Saut dans le vide''.<ref>Hannah Weitemeier ([[Hannah Weitemeier|de]]), ''Yves Klein, 1928–1962: Internacional Klein Blue'' (Cologne, Lisbon, Paris: Taschen, 2001), 8. {{ISBN|3-8228-5842-0}}.</ref><ref>Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., ''Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial!'' ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-929445-08-3}}, p. 226</ref> All his works have a connection with performance art, as they are created as a live action, like his best-known artworks of paintings created with the bodies of women. The members of the group saw the world as an image, from which they took parts and incorporated them into their work; they sought to bring life and art closer together.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oybin|first1=Marina|title=La revolución del color: tras las huellas de Yves Klein|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/la-revolucion-del-color-tras-las-huellas-de-yves-klein-nid1866164|access-date=May 20, 2020|work=La Nación|date=January 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Un salto al vacío. Yves Klein y el nuevo arte del Siglo XX|url=https://www.flacso.org.ar/formacion-academica/yves-klein-y-el-nuevo-arte-del-siglo-xx/|publisher=Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales|access-date=May 20, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Selfridges|first1=Camilla|title=Movimientos Del Arte (Tras Yves Klein)|url=https://crisolhoy.com/2017/10/23/movimientos-del-arte-tras-yves-klein/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615005510/https://crisolhoy.com/2017/10/23/movimientos-del-arte-tras-yves-klein/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 15, 2020|work=Crisol Hoy|date=October 23, 2017|access-date=May 20, 2020}}</ref>

===Gutai===
{{main|Gutai}}
One of the other movements that anticipated performance art was the Japanese movement [[Gutai]], who made action art or [[happening]]. It emerged in 1955 in the region of [[Kansai]] ([[Kioto|Kyōto]], [[Osaka|Ōsaka]], [[Kōbe]]). The main participants were [[Jirō Yoshihara]], Sadamasa Motonaga, Shozo Shimamoto, Saburō Murakami, Katsuō Shiraga, Seichi Sato, Akira Ganayama and Atsuko Tanaka.<ref name=":5" /> The Gutai group arose after World War II. They rejected capitalist consumerism, carrying out ironic actions with latent aggressiveness (object breaking, actions with smoke). They influenced groups such as Fluxus and artists like [[Joseph Beuys]] and [[Wolf Vostell]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/art/reviews/9937/|title=Everything Is Illuminated|website=NYMag.com|date=September 23, 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Barnes|first=Rachel|title=The 20th-Century art book.|year=2001|publisher=Phaidon Press|location=London|isbn=0714835420|edition= Reprinted.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Visual Essay on Gutai|journal=Flash Art|date=2012|publisher=Flash Art International|page=111|issue=287|volume=45|issn=0394-1493}}</ref>

=== Land art and performance ===
{{Main|Land art}}
In the late 1960s, diverse [[land art]] artists such as [[Robert Smithson]] or [[Dennis Oppenheim]] created environmental pieces that preceded performance art in the 1970s. Works by conceptual artists from the early 1980s, such as [[Sol LeWitt]], who made mural drawing into a performance act, were influenced by [[Yves Klein]] and other land art artists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=López|first1=Ianko|title=Land Art: el arte de los misterios de la tierra|url=https://www.revistaad.es/arte/articulos/land-art-vueleve/19545|access-date=May 22, 2020|work=AD Magazine|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcultural.com/revista/arte/Earth-Art-o-la-naturaleza-en-el-museo/26162|title=Earth Art o la naturaleza en el museo|access-date=June 5, 2020|website=www.elcultural.com|date=November 13, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/exhibitions/2016/from-los-angeles-to-new-york-dwan-gallery.html|title=Los Angeles to New York: Dwan Gallery, 1959–1971|access-date=June 5, 2020|author=National Gallery of Art}}</ref> Land art is a [[contemporary art]] movement in which the landscape and the artwork are deeply bound. It uses nature as a material (wood, soil, rocks, sand, wind, fire, water, etc.) to intervene on itself. The artwork is generated with the place itself as a starting point. The result is sometimes a junction between sculpture and architecture, and sometimes a junction between sculpture and landscaping that is increasingly taking a more determinant role in contemporary public spaces. When incorporating the artist's body in the creative process, it acquires similarities with the beginnings of performance art.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Valentine de Saint-Point 1914 (2).jpg|Portrait of [[Valentine de Saint-Point]] in the space of creation
File:1916 Olga Rozanova oblozhka Zaumnaya kniga.jpg|Intervened cover by Russian Futurist Olga Rozanova (1912)
File:Willem de Kooning in his studio.jpg|Portrait of [[Willem de Kooning]], [[action painting]] painter in his studio
File:Gutai_Venice1.jpg|Installation by Gutai Group, in the 2009 [[Venice Biennial]]
File:Blickachsen-7--23-dennis-oppenheim-hg-004.jpg|Installation by [[Dennis Oppenheim]] in Hesse, Germany
File:Spiral Jetty Smithson Laramee.jpg|[[Land art]] work by [[Robert Smithson]]
File:Restany-Brajo-Verdet1972web.jpg|Portrait of [[Pierre Restany]] in one of his openings
File:Klein Beaubourg 2007.jpg|Freeing of 1001 blue balloons, "sculpture aérostatique" by [[Yves Klein]]
</gallery>