Editing Periplus (section)

==Known ''peripli''==
Several examples of ''peripli'' that are known to scholars:

=== Carthaginian ===

*The Periplus of [[Himilco the Navigator]], parts which are preserved in [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Avienius]].<ref>[[Nicholas Purcell (classicist)|Nicholas Purcell]] "Himilco" in ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' 3rd. ed. [[Oxford]]; [[Oxford University Press]] 1999 p.&nbsp;707</ref>
*The [[Hanno the Navigator#Periplus account|Periplus]] of [[Hanno the Navigator]], [[Carthage|Carthaginian]] colonist and explorer who explored the coast of [[Africa]] from present-day [[Morocco]] southward at least as far as [[Senegal]] in the sixth or fifth century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |translator-first=H. |translator-last=Schoff |title=The Periplus of Hanno a voyage of discovery down the west African coast |year=1912 |ol=6541953M }}</ref>

=== Greek ===

*The ''Periplus'' of the Greek [[Scylax of Caryanda]], in Caria, who allegedly sailed down the [[Indus River]] and then to [[Suez]] on the initiative of [[Darius I]]. This voyage is mentioned by [[Herodotus]], and his periplus is quoted by Hecataeus of Miletus, [[Aristotle]], [[Strabo]] and Avienius.<ref>"Scylax" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;1374</ref>
* The ''[[Euthymenes]]'' description of West Africa (around third quarter of the sixth century). His published accounts have not survived, but seem to have been known, at least at secondhand, by ''[[Plutarch]]''.
*The ''[[Massaliote Periplus]]'', a description of trade routes along the coasts of [[Atlantic Europe]], by anonymous Greek navigators of Massalia (now Marseille, France), possibly dates to the sixth century BCE, also preserved in Avienius<ref>"Periploi" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;1141</ref>
*[[Pytheas of Massilia]], (fourth century BCE) ''On the Ocean'' (Περί του Ωκεανού), has not survived; only excerpts remain, quoted or paraphrased by later authors, including Strabo, [[Diodorus Siculus]], Pliny the Elder  and in Avienius' ''Ora maritima''.<ref>"Pytheas" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;1285</ref>
*The ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'', generally is thought to date to the fourth or third century BCE.<ref>"Scylax" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;1374</ref>
*The Periplus of [[Nearchus]] surveyed the area between the Indus and the Persian Gulf under orders from [[Alexander the Great]]. He was a source for Strabo and [[Arrian]], among others.<ref>"Periploi" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;1141</ref>
*''On the Red Sea'' by [[Agatharchides]]. Fragments preserved in Diodorus Siculus and [[Photius]].<ref>"Agatharchides" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;36</ref>
* The Periplus of [[Scymnus]] of [[Chios]] is dated to around 110&nbsp;BCE.<ref>"Scymnus" in ''OCD''<sup>3</sup> p.&nbsp;137436</ref>
*The ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' or Red Sea was written by a Greek of the Hellenistic/Romanized [[Alexandria]]n in the first century CE. It provides a shoreline itinerary of the [[Red Sea|Red (Erythraean) Sea]], starting at the port of [[Berenice Troglodytica|Berenice]]. Beyond the Red Sea, the manuscript describes the coast of India as far as the [[Ganges River]] and the east coast of Africa (called [[Azania]]). The unknown author of the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' claims that Hippalus, a mariner, was knowledgeable about the "monsoon winds" that shorten the round-trip from India to the Red Sea.{{sfn|Liu|2010|p=34}} Also according to the manuscript, the Horn of Africa was called, "[[Aromata|the Cape of Spices]],"{{sfn|Liu|2010|p=36}} and modern day Yemen was known as the "Frankincense Country."{{sfn|Liu|2010|p=37}}
*The ''[[Periplus Ponti Euxini]]'', a description of trade routes along the coasts of the [[Black Sea]], written by [[Arrian]] (in Greek Αρριανός) in the early second century CE.
*The ''[[Stadiasmus Maris Magni]]'', it was written by an anonymous author and is dated to the second half of the third century AD.