Editing Permeable paving (section)

== Advantages ==

=== Managing runoff ===

Permeable paving surfaces have been demonstrated as effective in managing [[surface runoff|runoff]] from [[Impervious Surfaces|paved surfaces]] and recharging groundwater aquifers.<ref>Brattebo, B. O., and D. B. Booth. 2003. [http://depts.washington.edu/cwws/Research/Reports/permeableparking.pdf "Long-Term Stormwater Quantity and Quality Performance of Permeable Pavement Systems."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327123757/http://depts.washington.edu/cwws/Research/Reports/permeableparking.pdf |date=2007-03-27 }} ''[[Water Research]].'' 37: 4369–4376. {{doi|10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00410-X}}</ref><ref>United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, D.C. [http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/pavements.pdf "Field Evaluation of Permeable Pavements for Stormwater Management, Olympia, Washington."] Fact Sheet. October 2000. Document No. EPA-841-B-00-005B.</ref> Large volumes of [[urban runoff]] causes serious [[erosion]] and [[silt]]ation in [[surface water]] bodies. Permeable pavers provide a solid ground surface, strong enough to take heavy loads, like large vehicles, while at the same time they allow water to filter through the surface and reach the underlying soils, mimicking natural ground absorption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chesapeakeecologycenter.org/?page_id=78|title=Permeable Pavers|website=www.chesapeakeecologycenter.org|date=18 May 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> They can reduce downstream flooding and stream bank erosion, and maintain base flows in rivers to keep ecosystems self-sustaining. Permeable pavers also combat erosion that occurs when grass is dry or dead, by replacing grassed areas in suburban and residential environments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.belgard.com/knowledge_center/planning_materials/permeable_pavers|title=Permeable Pavers|last=Belgard|access-date=2017-05-15|archive-date=2018-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111032530/http://www.belgard.com/knowledge_center/planning_materials/permeable_pavers|url-status=dead}}</ref> The goal is to control stormwater at the source, reduce runoff and improve water quality by filtering pollutants in the subsurface layers.<ref name="Scholz2007" />

=== Controlling pollutants ===
To control pollutants found in [[surface runoff]], permeable paving surfaces capture the [[stormwater]] in the soil or aggregate base below the road or pathway, and subsequently treat the runoff via [[percolation]], which allows water to infiltrate, supporting [[groundwater recharge]] or contain the stormwater to be released back into municipal stormwater management systems after a storm.<ref name = "TotaMaharaj2010">{{Cite journal|url=https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ep.10418|title=Efficiency of permeable pavement systems for the removal of urban runoff pollutants under varying environmental conditions|last=Tota-Maharaj|first=Kiran|journal=Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy|date=2010-09-01|volume=29|issue=3|pages=358–369|doi=10.1002/ep.10418|bibcode=2010EPSE...29..358T |s2cid=98361597 |language=en|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> Permeable paving systems have shown effective in reducing [[suspended solids]], [[Biochemical Oxygen Demand]] (BOD), [[chemical oxygen demand]], and [[ammonium]] concentrations within [[groundwater]].<ref name = "TotaMaharaj2010"/>  In areas where infiltration is not possible due to unsuitable soil conditions, permeable pavements are used in the [[attenuation]] mode where water is retained in the pavement and slowly released to surface water systems between storm events.<ref name = "TotaMaharaj2010"/>

=== Trees ===
Permeable pavements may give urban trees the rooting space they need to grow to full size. A "structural-soil" pavement base combines structural [[construction aggregate|aggregate]] with soil; a porous surface admits vital air and water to the rooting zone. This integrates healthy ecology and thriving cities, with the living tree canopy above, the city's traffic on the ground, and living tree roots below. The benefits of permeables on urban tree growth have not been conclusively demonstrated and many researchers have observed tree growth is not increased if construction practices compact materials before permeable pavements are installed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Volder|first=A|author2=Watson, Viswanathan|title=Potential use of pervious concrete for maintaining existing mature trees during and after urban development|journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening|year=2009|volume=8|issue=4|pages=249–256|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2009.08.006|bibcode=2009UFUG....8..249V}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Morgenroth|first=J|author2=Visser|title=Aboveground growth response of Platanus orientalis to porous pavements|journal=Arboriculture & Urban Forestry|year=2011|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.48044/jauf.2011.001|s2cid=55307859|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Reducing heat island effect ===
Research findings indicate that employing high [[albedo]] (reflective) and permeable pavement has the potential to alleviate near-surface [[Urban heat island|heat island]] effects and enhance air quality, while also potentially improving human [[thermal comfort]]. In comparison to impermeable pavement, permeable pavement exhibits minimal thermal impact on the near-surface air due to its capacity for heat exchange.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=H. |last2=Harvey |first2=J. T. |last3=Holland |first3=T. J. |last4=Kayhanian |first4=M. |date=February 2013 |title=The use of reflective and permeable pavements as a potential practice for heat island mitigation and stormwater management |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=015023 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015023 |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ERL.....8a5023L }}</ref>