Editing Peronism (section)

===Classification===
Peronism is generally considered to be a variant of [[left-wing populism]]<ref>{{harvnb|Gansley-Ortiz|2018}}</ref> or a broadly left-wing ideology;<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite book |title=Populism and Key Concepts in Social and Political Theory |first1=Carlos |last1=de la Torre |first2=Oscar |last2=Mazzoleni |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-67901-6 |year=2023 |location=Leiden |page=125 |quote=National sovereignty also plays a role in radical left populism as research on Latin American populism has shown. In two of the most prominent cases, that of Peron in Argentina and Chávez in Venezuela, national sovereignty is understood as a trinom that equates people with the nation and ultimately the both of them with the leader.}}|{{cite book |quote="However, where the notion of populist politics becomes more problematic is that even though it embodies an anti-systemic dmension, populist movements are generally organized around a leader: the desires, passions and aspirations of the people are symbolically invested within the figure of the leader who opposes the existing political order. Indeed, the examples of '''left wing populist movements that Laclau is especially fond of are Peronism''' of in Argentina, and the movements in support of Chávez in Venezuela." |title=Radical Democracy and Collective Movements Today: The Biopolitics of the Multitude Versus the Hegemony of the People |page=102 |date=8 April 2016 |first1=Alexandros |last1=Kioupkiolis |first2=Giorgos |last2=Katsambekis |isbn=9781317071952 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}|{{cite book |title=Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976 |first=Daniel |last=James |author-link=Daniel James (historian) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-46682-2 |year=1988 |page=208 |quote=Peronism within the Peron/anti-Peron dichotomy that dominated the political and social context was per se leftist, anti-establishment and revolutionary, and loyalty to its exiled and vilified leader often seemed enough of a definition of a political strategy.}}|{{cite journal |title=Military and Populism: A Global Tour with a Special Emphasis on the Case of Pakistan |first1=Ihsan |last1=Yilmaz |first2=Raja M. Ali |last2=Saleem |date=1 March 2022 |journal=Populism & Politics |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.55271/pp0010 |publisher=European Center for Populism Studies |page=11 |quote=Perhaps the most famous left-wing populist general was the Argentinian Juan Perón, who became the face of socialist populism (Calvo, 2021; Gillespie, 2019).}}|{{cite book |title=Between Tyranny and Anarchy: A History of Democracy in Latin America, 1800-2006 |year=2009 |first=Paul W. |last=Drake |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-6002-7 |quote=This priority for elitist order became a recurrent anthem on the right, from Venezuelan Simon Bolívar in the 1820s, to Chilean Diego Portales in the 1830s, to Argentines Juan Bautista Alberdi and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento in the 1850s, to Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó in the 1900s, to Chilean Augusto Pinochet and his plans in the 1980s for a democracy constrained by authoritarian features. '''By contrast, popular democracy became a lasting refrain on the left''' from Mexican Miguel Hidalgo in the 1810s, to the Mexican revolutionaries in the 1910s, to Peruvian Victor Raul Haya de la orre in the 1930s, to the Guatemalan revolutionaries and '''Argentine Juan Perón''' and Venezuelan Romulo Betancourt in the 1940s, to the National Revolutionary Movement in Bolivia in the 1950s, to Cuban Fidel Castro in the 1960s, to Chilean Salvador Allende and the Nicaraguan Sandinistas in the 1970s, to Peruvian Alan Garcia in the 1980s, to Venezuelan Hugo Chávez and Bolivian Evo Morales and Ecuadorean Rafael Correa in the 2000s. They placed a greater emphasis on mass mobilization dedicated to social equality.|page=18}}|{{cite journal |title=A Pious Paradox: Analyzing the Contradictory Paths of Chile and Argentina in Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage Amidst Varying Levels of Religiosity |first1=Jacob |last1=Wesoky |publisher=McGill University |editor1=Gaya Karalasingam |editor2=Breanna Hillgartner |doi=10.26443/firr.v14i2.169 |volume=14 |issue=2 |year=2024 |journal=Flux: International Relations Review |url=https://fluxirr.mcgill.ca/article/view/169 |page=83 |quote="Starting in the 1940s, Juan Perón, an Argentine military officer and later secretary of labor amassed support from the working class and quickly became Argentina's most popular politician. His left-wing populist, nationalist, and corporatist ideology, known as Peronism, continued to shape Argentine politics, before and after the 1976-1983 military dictatorship."|doi-access=free }}|{{cite book |title=Populist Leaders and the Economy |url=https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03881225/file/2022_funke_schularick_trebesch_populist_leaders_and_the_economy.pdf |first1=Manuel |last1=Funke |first2=Moritz |last2=Schularick |first3=Christoph |last3=Trebesch |issn=0265-8003 |date=23 October 2020 |page=91 |quote=Juan Perón ruled Argentina as president from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974. He led 'an anti-elitist movement that opposed the landowner oligarchy and established institutions' (Filc 2011, 228f). (...) With a view to the economy, he stressed social justice (Eatwell 2017a, Rooduijn 2014, Tamarin 1982), 'railed against the idle and exploitative rich' (Eatwell 2017a, 375) and against 'the local oligarchy, the foreign investors, and their political representatives' (Barbieri 2015). In his discourse the "main distinction between the people and the elite was of socioeconomic status' (Barbieri 2015, 217). He is therefore coded as left-wing populist.'}}|{{cite journal |title=Immigration and institutional change: Did mass immigration cause peronism in argentina? |volume=184 |issue=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |year=2021 |author1=Nicolás Cachanosky |author2=Alexandre Padilla |author3=Alejandro Gómez |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.027 |s2cid=233580827 |quote=We find no direct link between mass immigration and the rise of Peronism in Argentina. Even though immigrants were a crucial factor in Argentina's social and economic development, the rise of Perón and left-of-center populism resulted from politics unrelated to immigrants' presence. (...) Perón, not the preceding military governments, pushed government spending beyond its sustainable levels in a typical left-populist fashion (Dornbusch and Edwards, 1990).}}|{{cite book |title=Argentina 1943-1976: The National Revolution and Resistance |isbn=0-8263-0422-2 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=1976 |first=Donald C. |last=Hodges |author-link=Donald C. Hodges |page=30 |quote=Actually, the terms 'Nasserism' and 'Peronism' are interchangeable when applied to the younger generation of left-wing officers in Latin America.}}|{{cite book |title=Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left After the Cold War |publisher=Vintage Books |first=Jorge |last=Castañeda Gutman |author-link=Jorge Castañeda Gutman |year=1994 |isbn=0-394-58259-4 |pages=39–40 |quote=Until the Cuban Revolution, Communist parties had shared the Latin American left's political stage with another broad political current that today partially retains its importance. The national-popular sectors that embody this movement trace their origins back to Latin America's so-called 'populist' tradition that surfaced in the 1930s. Peron in Argentina, Cardenas in Mexico, Vargas in Brazil, Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra in Ecuador, Haya de la Torre's APRA in Peru, and, up to a point, Victor Paz Estenssoro's Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario in Bolivia often continue to be central historical reference points for many contemporary political movements. These movements' original leaders, together with the historical periods of collective consciousness and popular enfranchisement, are symbols of an era and a certain idea of modernity in Latin America: the inclusion of the excluded.}}|{{Harvnb|Gansley-Ortiz|2018}}|{{cite book |title=The Social Semiotics of Populism |first=Sebastián Moreno |last=Barreneche |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-3502-0541-3 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |page=138 |quote=In the case of Menem, this is particularly interesting because of his affiliation to Peronism, a left-wing political movement that originates in the politics of Perón (Grimson, 2019).}}|{{cite book |title=The New Latin American Left: Utopia Reborn |first1=Patrick |last1=Barrett |first2=Daniel |last2=Chavez |first3=César |last3=Rodríguez-Garavito |isbn=9780745326771 |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2008 |quote=The nationalist, or popular left, which included such figures as Juan Domingo Perón (in Argentina), Getulio Vargas (in Brazil) and Lázaro Cárdenas (in Mexico). |page=6}}|{{cite book |title=Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century |first=Christopher |last=Wylde |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-55654-7 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4 |year=2017 |pages=138–139 |quote=Perón and Peronismo (Peronism) therefore represented a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military.}}|{{cite book |title=Latin America's Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings |first=Steve |last=Ellner |year=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538125649 |page=7 |quote=These writers also argue that twenty-first-century Latin American leftist governments, like Peronism in the 1940s, were doomed to failure since the success of their defiance of powerful actors was contingent on the indefinite duration of favorable international markets for their nations' exports.}}|{{cite journal |title=On Latin American Populism, and Its Echoes around the World |first=Sebastian |last=Edwards |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=33 |issue=4 |year=2019 |doi=10.1257/jep.33.4.76 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |page=81 |quote="Juan Domingo Perón - left, nationalist."}}}}</ref> however, political scientists such as Anthony W. Pereira also note that left-wing populists such as Perón "may share important elements with their right-wing counterparts."<ref>{{cite book |title=Right-Wing Populism in Latin America and Beyond |page=2 |first=Anthony |last=W. Pereira |year=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-31167-6 |doi=10.4324/9781003311676}}</ref> Carlos de la Torre and Oscar Mazzoleni also stressed this ambiguity, arguing that the main difference between left-wing and right-wing populisms is the economic focus of the former and social focus of the latter.<ref>{{cite book |title=Populism and Key Concepts in Social and Political Theory |first1=Carlos |last1=de la Torre |first2=Oscar |last2=Mazzoleni |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |isbn=978-90-04-67901-6 |year=2023 |location=Leiden |page=125}}</ref> Political scientist Pierre Ostiguy argues that it is "structural and intuitive" to classify Peronism as left-leaning, especially given its electoral base and dependency on trade unions. He added that "Perón could absolutely not, as the ordinary working class well understood, be considered on the right. He thus shared a position with the leftist political parties, in the opposite camp."<ref>{{cite book |title=Argentina's Double Political Spectrum: Party System, Political Identities, and Strategies, 1944-2007 |first=Pierre |last=Ostiguy |publisher=Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies |year=2009 |pages=75–80}}</ref> Pierre Ostiguy defined it as "a brand of populism that sought to deny elites’ and capitalism's power, empower working class constituents, and help the politically and economically oppressed."<ref>{{cite book |last=Ostiguy |first=Pierre |title=Argentina's Double Political Spectrum: Party System, Political Identities, and Strategies, 1944-2007 |publisher=Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref>

However, some described Peronism as a Latin American form of [[fascism]] instead.<ref name="Hayes 1973">{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Paul |title=Fascism |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-04-320090-2 |location=London |oclc=862679}}</ref><ref name="peronism">Brennan, James P. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AsuoVCbF7DgC&q=Fayt ''Peronism and Argentina'']. Rowman & Littlefield. 1998.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Montes de Oca |first=Ignacio |title=El fascismo argentino - La matriz autoritaria del peronismo |publisher=Sudamericana |year=2018 |isbn=9789500761680 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Criticizing identifying Peronism as right-wing or fascism, Robert D. Crassweller remarked: "a movement whose founder spends his life combating the economic and social elite, whose great contribution was to bring the anonymous masses into the political and economic mainstream, and whose lifelong electoral base was principally organized labor, can hardly be deemed rightist."<ref name="Crass1"/> Beyond Perón, the Peronist movement itself has many factions - [[Kirchnerism]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite book |last=Conniff |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IBwkeEfBgUC |title=Populism in Latin America: Second Edition |date=31 July 2012 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=9780817357092 |language=en}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/pichetto-unidad-ciudadana-frente-centro-izquierda-randazzo-posicion-historica-peronismo_0_HyS9Z8ZXb.html|title=Para Pichetto, Unidad Ciudadana es un frente de centro izquierda y Randazzo, la "posición histórica del peronismo"|website=www.clarin.com|date=16 June 2017 }}|{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-peronist-repeat-11572262196|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's Peronist Repeat|date=28 October 2019}}|{{cite news|title=Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/22/argentina-election-exit-polls-buenos-aires-mauricio-macri|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 23, 2015}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324328204578576053901784268|title=Argentine President Stumps for Congressional Candidates|quote=Speaking to thousands of supporters in a packed soccer stadium, Mrs. Kirchner stumped for the candidates who will represent her left-wing coalition, the FPV, in October's vote.|date=29 June 2013|access-date=13 February 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal}}|{{cite news|title= Argentinian president Macri vows 'many reforms' after strong election result|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/argentina-president-macri-reforms-election|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 24, 2017}}|{{cite news |date=April 18, 2006 |title=Analysis: Latin America's new left axis |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4916270.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=January 25, 2010}}|{{Cite web |date=2010-05-29 |title=Kirchnerismo bolivariano del siglo XXI |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/kirchnerismo-bolivariano-del-siglo-xxi-nid1269583/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=LA NACION |language=es}}}}</ref> and [[revolutionary Peronism]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite book |last=Larraquy |first=Marcelo |title=De Perón a Montoneros: historia de la violencia política en la Argentina: marcados a fuego II (1945-1973) |publisher=Aguilar |year=2010 |isbn=978-987-04-1489-6 |pages=122–123 |language=es}}|{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Richard |title=Soldiers of Peron: Argentina's Montoneros |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-19-821131-7 |pages=36–37}}}}</ref> on the left, and [[Federal Peronism]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite news |date=10 June 2010 |title=Acuerdo del PJ disidente: enfrentará a Kirchner |trans-title=Agreement of the dissident PJ: will confront Kirchner |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/acuerdo-del-pj-disidente-enfrentara-a-kirchner-nid1273537 |access-date=7 August 2019 |work=[[La Nación]] |language=es}}|{{Cite web |last=ABDO |first=GERARDO DAVID OMAR |date=2014-11-13 |title=Peronismo Federal: ambicion y despretigio hechos fuerza politica |url=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos102/peronismo-federal-ambicion-y-despretigio-hechos-fuerza-politica/peronismo-federal-ambicion-y-despretigio-hechos-fuerza-politica |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Monografias.com |language=es}}|{{Cite web |title=Peronismo Federal: todos unidos perderemos |url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/julio-barbaro/columna-427/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.lapoliticaonline.com}}|{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e73ZDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22+right-wing%22+%22united+for+a+new+alternative%22&pg=PA15 |title=Argentina Business Law Handbook Volume 2 Investment, Trade Laws and Regulations |date=2016-04-18 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-57751-825-9 |language=en}}}}</ref> and [[Orthodox Peronism]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{Cite journal |last=Besoky |first=Juan Luis |date=2018-01-05 |title=Los muchachos peronistas antijudíos. A propósito del antisemitismo en el movimiento peronista |url=https://www.trabajosycomunicaciones.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/article/view/TyCe057 |journal=Trabajos y Comunicaciones |language=es |issue=47 |pages=e057 |doi=10.24215/23468971e057 |issn=2346-8971 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/86568}}|{{Cite journal |last=Besoky |first=Juan Luis |date=24 May 2013 |title=La derecha peronista en perspectiva |url=https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/65374 |journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. Nouveaux Mondes Mondes Nouveaux – Novo Mundo Mundos Novos – New World New Worlds |language=es |doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.65374 |issn=1626-0252 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/4140}}|{{Cite journal |last=Besoky |first=Juan Luis |date=2010 |title=La revista El Caudillo de la Tercera Posición: órgano de expresión de la extrema derecha. |url=https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/CS/article/view/410 |journal=Conflicto Social |language=es |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=7–28 |issn=1852-2262}}|{{Cite book |last=Besoky |first=Juan Luis |title=Loyal and Orthodox, the Peronist right. A coalition against revolutionary? |year= |location=Argentina |pages=https://www.ungs.edu.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Besoki.pdf |language=Spanish}}}}</ref> on the right. The [[Justicialist Party]] created by Perón is generally placed on the left of the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/populism_and_the_economics_of_globalization.pdf |title=Populism and the economics of globalization |first=Dani |last=Rodrik |journal=Journal of International Business Policy |year=2018 |publisher=Academy of International Business |doi=10.1057/s42214-018-0001-4 |page=21 |volume=4 |issue=1}}</ref>

Peronism is described as socialist by many political scientists,<ref>{{cite book |author=James P. Brennan |url=https://archive.org/details/peronismargentin0000unse |title=Peronism and Argentina |publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc. |year=1998 |isbn=0-8420-2706-8 |page=22 |quote=One way to approach the problem might be to order the existing interpretations of Peronism into a three-tiered scheme that would group two competing schools of interpretation linked to Peronism's own internal debate (that is, alternative interpretations coming from within the movement's ranks) with a third, an exogenous perspective. The latter corresponds to the thesis that Peronism is a variant of fascism, with all the negative connotations that such a categorization implies. The former two do not present such a one-dimensional interpretation, as within each there is found a polemic, alternately recriminatory and approbative, sustained among Peronist, conservative, and socialist authors. These are the interpretations that on the one hand revolve around the concept of populism (at times National Populism), and on the other those interpretations that can be categorized as a form of Socialism (at times National Socialism), with revolutionary implications.}}</ref> classified as a variant of nationalist socialism,<ref name="james_241">{{cite book |last=James |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel James (historian) |title=Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-521-46682-2 |page=241}}</ref> paternalistic socialism,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Pelican Latin American Library: Guide to the Political Parties of South America |year=1973 |last1=Jean-Pierre |first1=Arthur Bernard |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Michigan |isbn=9780140216257 |page=39 |quote="The regime that was progressively establishing itself in Argentina may be described as populist - a combination of demagogy, nationalism, opportunism and paternalistic socialism."}}</ref> non-Marxist socialism,<ref>{{cite book |author=James P. Brennan |url=https://archive.org/details/peronismargentin0000unse |title=Peronism and Argentina |publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc. |year=1998 |isbn=0-8420-2706-8 |page=28}}</ref> and [[Christian socialism|Catholic socialism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodges |first=Donald |author-link=Donald C. Hodges |title=Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-292-77689-0 |location=[[Austin, Texas]] |page=56 |quote=Consequently, Peron settled for the term 'justicialism.' The odds clearly favored his Christian and humanist version of socialism.}}</ref> Political scientists supporting this view note that Perón created a planned and heavily regulated economy, with "a massive public sector of nationalized industries and social services" that was "redistributive in nature" and prioritized workers' benefits and the empowerment of trade unions.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century |first=Charles D. |last=Ameringer |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8130-3812-4 |page=165}}</ref> Perón's close relationship with a socialist leader [[Juan José Arévalo]] and his extensive support for the [[Bolivian National Revolution]] are also considered arguments in favor of this view.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century |first=Charles D. |last=Ameringer |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8130-3812-4 |page=169}}</ref> Additionally, despite promoting a concept of a "Third Way" between the 'imperialisms' of the United States and Soviet Union, Perón supported and became a close ally of the [[Cuban Revolution]], [[Salvador Allende]] of Chile, and the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodges |first=Donald |author-link=Donald C. Hodges |title=Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-292-77689-0 |location=[[Austin, Texas]] |page=80}}</ref> It is also noted that the Marxist revolutionary [[Che Guevara]], despite being born in an anti-Peronist family, considered Peronism "a kind of indigenous Latin American socialism with which the Cuban Revolution could side".<ref>{{cite book |title=Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel |pages=200–201 |first=Jill |last=Hedges |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-7556-0268-1 |year=2021}}</ref> Perónism thought is considered a genuine socialist ideology by some Marxist writers such as [[Samir Amin]],<ref name="Amin 2019 277">{{cite book |title=The Long Revolution of the Global South: Toward a New Anti-Imperialist International |first=Samir |last=Amin |author-link=Samir Amin |translator=James Membrez |year=2019 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |isbn=9781583677766 |page=277}}</ref> [[José María Aricó]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=A strange mixture of Guevara and Togliatti: José María Aricó and the Pasado y Presente group in Argentina |url=https://www.aacademica.org/constanza.bosch/24.pdf |journal=Historical Materialism |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |year=2014 |pages=1–33 |publisher=Brill |last1=Gaido |first1=Daniel |last2=Bosch |first2=Alessio |last3=Constanza |first3=Daniela}}</ref> [[:de:Dieter Boris|Dieter Boris]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Dieter |last1=Boris |author-link1=:de:Dieter Boris |first2=Peter |last2=Hiedl |title=Argentinien: Geschichte und Politische Gegenwart |location=Cologne |publisher=Pahl-Rugenstein |year=1978 |language=de |page=181}}</ref> and [[Donald C. Hodges]].<ref name="Hodges 1991 56"/>

Summarizing the historical and political debates on the ideological nature of Peronism, Czech political scientists [[:cs:Pavlína Springerová|Pavlína Springerová]] and [[:cs:Jiří Chalupa|Jiří Chalupa]] stressed the dominance of the view that Peronism was some kind of socialism, and wrote: "Historians and political scientists over time defined Peronism as Christian socialism, national socialism, demagogic dictatorship, plebiscitary presidential system, state socialism, non-Marxist collectivism, worker democracy or national capitalism".<ref>{{cite book |title=Election Year 2006: Latin America at the Crossroads? |first1=Pavlína |last1=Springerová |first2=Lenka |last2=Špičanová |first3=Jan |last3=Němec |first4=Jiří |last4=Chalupa |author-link1=:cs:Pavlína Springerová |author-link4=:cs:Jiří Chalupa |chapter=Statesmen in uniforms: Several notes about militarism in politics in the modern history of the Latin America |isbn=978-80-87092-03-3 |year=2008 |publisher=Association for International Affairs (AMO) |location=Prague |page=34}}</ref> Some historians also consider [[Peronism#Nasserism|Peronism to be a variant of Nasserism]], which defines it as an ideology based on "middle-class military men who would utilize the armed forces to forge a socialist transformation of society."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.nd.edu/pr/pdf/PR_1967_02.pdf |publisher=University of Notre Dame |first1=James E. |last1=Murphy |title=For Immediate Release |date=9 February 1967 |page=8}}</ref> Mariano Mestman wrote that "Peronism was proposing a type of Socialism at times called ‘national’, different from that postulated by the classical Marxist left but no less revolutionary".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Third Cinema/Militant Cinema: At the Origins of the Argentinian Experience (1968–1971) |first=Mariano |last=Mestman |year=2011 |journal=Third Text |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/09528822.2011.5456 |page=35 |publisher=Routledge |doi-broken-date=2024-11-26 |issn=0952-8822 |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/191625}}</ref>

There are also alternative evaluations of Peronism that go beyond the most common labels for Peronism such as socialism, fascism, or arguments that Peronism transcends the left-right divide.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reinventing our understanding of the Left-Right political dichotomy: the case of Argentina |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/ingsuht/article/1006/&path_info=Reinventing_our_understanding_of_the_Left_Right_political_dichotomy__the_case_of_Argentina.pdf |page=38 |first=Sol |last=Halle |year=2022 |journal=International and Global Studies 
 |volume=5}}</ref> Some scholars evaluated Peronism as a [[social democratic]] ideology instead,<ref>{{cite book |title=A populist Zeitgeist? The impact of populism on parties, media and the public in Western Europe |first=Matthijs |last=Rooduijn |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-9027334-1 |location=Amsterdam |page=36}}</ref> or even [[paternalistic conservatism]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Labor Wars in Cordoba, 1955-1976: Ideology, Work, and Labor Politics in an Argentine Industrial Society |date=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674028753 |editor=James Brennan |page=9}}</ref> with a mixture of militant [[laborism|labourism]] and [[traditional conservatism]].<ref name="conservatism">{{cite book |title=Juan Perón and the Reshaping of Argentina |date=1983 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre |isbn=9780822976363 |editor1=Frederick Turner |page=173 |editor2=Jose Enrique Miguens}}</ref> However, whether Peronism was conservative is heavily disputed, as the proponents of Peronism see it as socially [[progressivism|progressive]].<ref name="progressivism" /> Peronism has also been described as socially progressive by some political analysts,<ref>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Lindrud |url=https://www.integrityriskintl.com/dont-cry-for-milei-argentina/ |title=Don't Cry for Milei, Argentina |date=3 May 2024 |website=integrityriskintl.com |quote="Perónism is both fiercely nationalist yet also socially progressive, centering the state as the ultimate powerbroker between labor and capital."}}</ref> as well as by historians such as [[:es:Luis Alberto Romero (historiador)|Luis Alberto Romero]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century: Updated and Revised Edition |translator=James P. Brennan |first=Luis Alberto |last=Romero |author-link=:es:Luis Alberto Romero (historiador) |year=2013 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-06228-0 |page=98 |quote="The Radical program was socially progressive—perhaps just as much as Perón's—but its impact was attenuated by the enthusiastic support the Democratic Union received from the employers’ organizations."}}</ref> The main Peronist party is the [[Justicialist Party]],<ref name="economist" /> whose policies have significantly varied over time and across government administrations,<ref name="economist" /> but have generally been described as "a vague blend of [[nationalism]] and [[labourism]]",<ref name="economist" /> or populism.<ref name="britannica" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kyle |first1=Jordan |last2=Gultchin |first2=Limor |date=November 2018 |title=Populists in Power Around the World |url=https://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/populists-power-around-world |language=en |access-date=2019-12-05 |website=Institute for Global Change}}</ref> [[Alan Knight (historian)|Alan Knight]] argues that Peronism is similar to [[Bolivarian Revolution]] and the [[Mexican Revolution]] in terms of consequences and ideology, noting that while Peronism was "socially progressive, but politically ambiguous", it brought the Argentinian working class significant material benefits as well as political empowerment and social inclusion. Ultimately, Knight recommends the term "revolutionary populism" for Peronism.<ref name="knight">{{cite journal |title=Democratic and Revolutionary Traditions in Latin America |first=Alan |last=Knight |author-link=Alan Knight (historian) |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=20 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=147–186 |publisher=Wiley on behalf of Society for Latin American Studies (SLAS)|doi=10.1111/1470-9856.00009 }}</ref>