Editing Phalanx bone (section)

===Bone anatomy===
Each phalanx consists of a central part, called the ''body'', and two extremities.<ref name=Rollins2022>{{Cite book|last1=Rollins|first1=Jeannean|last2=Long|first2=Bruce|last3=Curtis|first3=Tammy|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/merrill%27s-atlas-of-radiographic-positioning-and-procedures---3-volume-set/rollins/978-0-323-83279-3|title=Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures - 3-Volume Set|publisher=[[Mosby (imprint)|Mosby]]|year=2022|isbn=978-0-323-83323-3|edition=15|page=147|language=en}}</ref>
* The ''body'' is flat on either side, concave on the palmar surface, and convex on the dorsal surface.<ref name=Singh2014>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Vishram|title=Textbook of Anatomy Upper Limb and Thorax; Volume 1|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|year=2014|isbn=978-8-131-23625-3|edition=2|page=32|language=en}}</ref> Its sides are marked with rough areas giving attachment to fibrous sheaths of flexor tendons. It tapers from above downwards.<ref name=Gray's2008>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Henry|url=https://www.abebooks.com/Grays-Anatomy-Carter-Henry-Arcturus-Publishing/31017006929/bd|title=Gray's Anatomy|publisher=Arcturus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-841-93958-2|pages=192–193|language=en}}</ref>
* The ''proximal extremities'' of the bones of the first row present oval, concave articular surfaces, broader from side to side than from front to back. The proximal extremity of each of the bones of the second and third rows presents a double concavity separated by a median ridge.<ref name=Gray's2008/>
* The ''distal extremities'' are smaller than the proximal, and each ends in two [[Condyle (anatomy)|condyles]] (knuckles) separated by a shallow groove; the articular surface extends farther on the palmar than on the dorsal surface, a condition best marked in the bones of the first row.<ref name=Gray's2008/>

In the foot, the proximal phalanges have a body that is compressed from side to side, convex above, and concave below. The base is concave, and the head presents a trochlear surface for articulation with the second phalanx.<ref name=Palastanga2013>{{Cite book|last1=Palastanga|first1=Nigel|last2=Field|first2=Derek |last3=Soames|first3=Roger|title=Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function|publisher=[[Butterworth-Heinemann]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-483-19274-1|page=336|language=en}}</ref> The middle are remarkably small and short, but rather broader than the proximal. The distal phalanges, as compared with the distal phalanges of the finger, are smaller and are flattened from above downward; each presents a broad base for articulation with the corresponding bone of the second row, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe.<ref name=Iannotti2013>{{Cite book|last1=Iannotti|first1=Joseph|last2=Parker|first2=Richard|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-netter-collection-of-medical-illustrations-musculoskeletal-system-volume-6-part-ii---spine-and-lower-limb/978-1-4160-6382-7|title=The Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Volume 6, Part II - Spine and Lower Limb|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|year=2013|isbn=978-1-416-06382-7|edition=2|page=206|language=en}}</ref>

====Distal phalanx====
In the hand, the distal phalanges are flat on their palmar surface, small, and with a roughened, elevated surface of horseshoe form on the palmar surface, supporting the finger pulp.<ref name=GRAYS1918>{{cite book |last=Gray |first=Henry |title=Anatomy of the Human Body |year=1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1985gray |isbn=0-8121-0644-X |url-access=registration }}</ref>{{rp|6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Hand}} The flat, wide expansions found at the tips of the distal phalanges are called "apical tufts". They support the fingertip pads and nails.<ref name="CARTA">{{cite web |title=Apical Phalangeal Tufts |publisher=Center for Academic Research & Training in Anthropogeny |url=http://carta.anthropogeny.org/moca/topics/apical-phalangeal-tufts |access-date=January 28, 2017 |quote=The tufts support the fleshy volar pad (also known as the distal pulp) on the palmar (volar) surface of the finger, as well as the nail on the dorsal surface.}}</ref> The phalanx of the thumb has a pronounced insertion for the [[Flexor pollicis longus muscle|flexor pollicis longus]] (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of unequal ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects.<ref name="PLOS-2010" />

In the foot, the distal phalanges are flat on their dorsal surface. It is largest proximally and tapers to the distal end. The proximal part of the phalanx presents a broad base for articulation with the middle phalanx, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe.<ref name=GRAYS1918 />{{rp|6b. 3. The Phalanges of the Foot}} The phalanx ends in a crescent-shaped rough cap of bone [[epiphysis]]&nbsp;— the apical tuft (or ungual tuberosity/process) which covers a larger portion of the phalanx on the volar side than on the dorsal side. Two lateral ungual spines project proximally from the apical tuft. Near the base of the shaft are two lateral tubercles. Between these a V-shaped ridge extending proximally serves for the insertion of the [[Flexor pollicis longus muscle|flexor pollicis longus]]. Another ridge at the base serves for the insertion of the extensor [[aponeurosis]].<ref name="Shrewsbury-Johnson-1975">{{harvnb|Shrewsbury|Johnson|1975| p=784}}</ref> The flexor insertion is sided by two [[Fossa (anatomy)|fossa]]e&nbsp;— the ungual fossa distally and the proximopalmar fossa proximally.