Editing Pharyngealization (section)

== Computing codes ==
Since [[Unicode]] 1.1, there have been two similar superscript characters: IPA {{angbr IPA|ˤ}} ({{unichar|02E4|modifier letter small reversed glottal stop}}) and Semiticist {{angbr IPA|ˁ}} ({{unichar|02C1|modifier letter reversed glottal stop}}). U+02E4 is formally a superscript {{angbr IPA|ʕ}} ({{unichar|0295|Latin letter pharyngeal voiced fricative}}, = reversed glottal stop), and in the Unicode charts looks like a simple superscript {{angbr IPA|ʕ}}, though in some fonts it looks like a superscript reversed lower-case letter [[glottal stop (letter)|glottal stop]] {{angbr IPA|ɂ}}. U+02C1 is a typographic alternative to {{angbr|<big>ʿ</big>}} ({{unichar|02BF|modifier letter left half ring}}); which is used to transliterate the Semitic consonant [[ayin]] and which = reversed {{angbr|<big>ʾ</big>}}, which itself transliterates the glottal Semitic consonants [[aleph]] and [[hamza]]. In the Unicode charts U+02C1 looks like a reversed {{angbr IPA|ˀ}} ({{unichar|02C0|modifier letter glottal stop}}), which is used in the IPA for [[glottalization]]. There is no parallel Unicode distinction for modifier glottal stop. The IPA Handbook<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=172–173}}</ref> lists U+02E4 as the Unicode equivalent of IPA Number 423, the dedicated IPA symbol for pharyngealization.

The superimposed tilde is assigned Unicode character U+0334. This was originally intended to combine with other letters to represent pharyngealization. However, that usage is now deprecated (though still functional), and several precomposed letters have been adopted to replace it. These are the labial consonants {{angbr IPA|ᵱ ᵬ ᵮ ᵯ}} and the [[coronal consonant]]s {{angbr IPA|ᵵ ᵭ ᵴ ᵶ ᵰ ᵲ ᵳ ɫ}}.

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|- align=center
! Character
| colspan=2 | ʕ || colspan=2 | ˤ || colspan=2 | ˁ || colspan=2 | <big>ʿ</big> || colspan=2 | ̴ 
|- align=center
! Unicode name
| colspan=2 | {{allcaps|Latin letter pharyngeal voiced fricative}} || colspan=2 | {{allcaps|modifier letter small reversed glottal stop}} || colspan=2 | {{allcaps|modifier letter reversed glottal stop}} || colspan=2 | {{allcaps|modifier letter left half ring}} || colspan=2 | {{allcaps|combining tilde overlay}}
|-
! rowspan=2| Character encoding
| decimal || hex || decimal || hex || decimal || hex || decimal || hex || decimal || hex
|-
| 661 || 0295 || 740 || 02E4 || 705 || 02C1 || 703 || 02BF || 820 || 0334
|-
! [[Numeric character reference]]
| &amp;#661; || &amp;#x0295; || &amp;#740; || &amp;#x02E4; || &amp;#705; || &amp;#x02C1; || &amp;#703; || &amp;#x02BF; || &amp;#820; || &amp;#x0334;
|}