Editing Phrase structure grammar (section)

==Constituency relation==
In [[linguistics]], phrase structure grammars are all those grammars that are based on the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation associated with dependency grammars; hence, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars.<ref>Matthews (1981:71ff.) provides an insightful discussion of the distinction between constituency- and dependency-based grammars. See also Allerton (1979:238f.), McCawley (1988:13), Mel'cuk (1988:12-14), Borsley (1991:30f.), Sag and Wasow (1999:421f.), van Valin (2001:86ff.).</ref>  Any of several related theories for the [[parsing of natural language]] qualify as constituency grammars, and most of them have been developed from Chomsky's work, including

* [[Government and binding theory]]
* [[Generalized phrase structure grammar]]
* [[Head-driven phrase structure grammar]]
* [[Lexical functional grammar]]
* The [[minimalist program]]
* [[Nanosyntax]]

Further grammar frameworks and formalisms also qualify as constituency-based, although they may not think of themselves as having spawned from Chomsky's work, e.g.

* [[Arc pair grammar]], and
* [[Categorial grammar]].