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Pole of inaccessibility
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==Southern pole of inaccessibility== [[File:Southern Pole of Inaccessibility Henry Cookson team n2i.jpg|thumb|The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by [[Henry Cookson#Team N2i|Team N2i]] on 19 January 2007]] The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] continent most distant from the [[Southern Ocean]]. A variety of coordinate locations have been given for this pole. The discrepancies are due to the question of whether the "coast" is measured to the grounding line or the edges of ice shelves, the difficulty of determining the location of the "solid" coastline, the movement of ice sheets and improvements in the accuracy of survey data over the years, as well as possible topographical errors. The point commonly referred to as the pole of inaccessibility is the site of the [[Pole of inaccessibility (Antarctic research station)|Soviet Union research station]] mentioned below, which was constructed at {{Coord |82 |6 |S |54 |58|E|name=Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO)}}<ref name = meteorological>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/Antarctica/Ant-cat-Rus-Fed.html|title=Catalogue of Russian Antarctic Meteorological data 1994 |last=Danilov|first=A. I.|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|access-date=10 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513160724/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/Antarctica/Ant-cat-Rus-Fed.html |year=1994 |archive-date=13 May 2016 }}</ref> (though some sources give {{Coord|83|6|S|54|58|E|name=South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC)}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.polarheritage.com/index.cfm/Sitelist01up|title=Historic Sites & Monuments in Antarctica|date=2016|publisher=International Polar Heritage Committee|access-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161454/http://www.polarheritage.com/index.cfm/Sitelist01up|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>). This lies {{convert|1301|km |abbr= on}} from the [[South Pole]], at an [[elevation]] of {{convert|3,718|m|abbr=on}}. Using different criteria, the [[Scott Polar Research Institute]] locates this pole at {{Coord|85|50|S|65|47|E|name=South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI)}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/23.html|title=Polar Information Sheets|last=Headland|first=R. K.|date=1996|publisher=[[Scott Polar Research Institute]], [[University of Cambridge]]|access-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528131216/http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/23.html|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> Using recent datasets and cross-confirmation between the adaptive gridding and B9-Hillclimbing<ref name="Barnes2019"/> methods discussed below, Rees et al. (2021)<ref name="Rees2021"/> identify two poles of inaccessibility for Antarctica: an "outer" pole defined by the edge of Antarctica's floating ice shelves and an "inner" pole defined by the grounding lines of these sheets. They find the Outer pole to be at {{Coord|83.904|S|64.890|E|name=Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility}}, {{Convert|1590.4|km|abbr=on}} from the ocean, and the Inner pole to be at {{Coord|83.610|S|53.720|E|name=Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility}}, {{Convert|1179.4|km|abbr=on}} from the grounding lines. The southern pole of inaccessibility is far more remote and difficult to reach than the [[geographic South Pole]]. On 14 December 1958, the [[3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] for [[International Geophysical Year]] research work, led by [[Yevgeny Tolstikov]], established the temporary [[Pole of inaccessibility (Antarctic research station)|Pole of Inaccessibility Station]] ({{langx|ru|полюс недоступности}}, {{transliteration|ru|polyus nedostupnosti}}) at {{Coord|82|6|S|54|58|E|name=Pole of Inaccessibility Station}}. A second Russian team returned there in 1967. Today, a building still remains at this location, marked by a bust of [[Vladimir Lenin]] that faces towards [[Moscow]], and protected as a historical site. On 11 December 2005, at 7:57 UTC, [[Ramón Hernando de Larramendi]], Juan Manuel Viu, and Ignacio Oficialdegui, members of the Spanish Transantarctic Expedition, reached for the first time in history the southern pole of inaccessibility at {{Coord|82|53|14|S|55|4|30|E|name=British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility}}, updated that year by the British Antarctic Survey. The team continued their journey towards the second southern pole of inaccessibility, the one that accounts for the ice shelves as well as the continental land, and they were the first expedition to reach it, on 14 December 2005, at {{Coord|83|50|37|S|65|43|30|E|name=British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility}}. Both achievements took place within an ambitious pioneer crossing of the eastern Antarctic Plateau that started at [[Novolazarevskaya Station]] and ended at Progress Base after more than {{convert|4,500|km|abbr=on}}. This was the fastest polar journey ever achieved without mechanical aid, with an average rate of around {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} per day and a maximum of {{convert|311|km|abbr=on}} per day, using kites as their power source.<ref name="thepoles.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=1298 |title=Spaniards reach the 'second' South Pole of Inaccessibility – still no trace of Lenin |date=15 December 2005 |publisher=ExplorersWeb |website=ThePoles.com<!--sic--> |access-date=10 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414194423/http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=1298 |archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepoles.com/news.php?id=1276 |title=Spaniards reach South Pole of Inaccessibility – but where is Lenin? |date=12 December 2012 |publisher=ExplorersWeb |website=ThePoles.com<!--sic-->|access-date=10 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321061128/http://www.thepoles.com/news.php?id=1276|archive-date=21 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barrabes.com/actualidad/noticias/1-4549/alcanzado-polo-sur-inaccesibilidad.html|title=Alcanzado el Polo Sur de la Inaccesibilidad|language=es|trans-title=Reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility|date=13 December 2005|website=Barrabes|access-date=10 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110173042/http://www.barrabes.com/actualidad/noticias/1-4549/alcanzado-polo-sur-inaccesibilidad.html|archive-date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tierraspolares.es/trineodeviento/ramon-h-larramendi/|title=Ramón Larramendi|website=Tierras Polares|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111011301/http://www.tierraspolares.es/catamaran/inaccesibilidad_i.htm|archive-date=11 January 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> On 4 December 2006, Team N2i, consisting of [[Henry Cookson]], Rupert Longsdon, Rory Sweet and [[Paul Landry]], embarked on an expedition to be the first to reach the historic pole of inaccessibility location without direct mechanical assistance, using a combination of traditional [[Manhauling|man hauling]] and [[kite skiing]]. The team reached the old abandoned station on 19 January 2007, rediscovering the forgotten statue of Lenin left there by the Soviets some 48 years previously.<ref name="teamn2i">{{cite web | url=http://www.teamn2i.com/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816171549/http://www.teamn2i.com/| url-status=dead| archive-date=16 August 2011| title=Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07 | access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> The team found that only the bust on top of the building remained visible; the rest was buried under the snow.<ref name="BBC" /> The explorers were picked up from the spot by a plane from [[Vostok Station|Vostok]] base, flown to [[Progress Base]] and taken back to [[Cape Town]] on the ''[[Akademik Fyodorov]]'', a Russian polar research vessel.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6281839.stm|title=UK team makes polar trek history|date=20 January 2007|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122051626/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6281839.stm|archive-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> On 27 December 2011, [[Sebastian Copeland]] and partner Eric McNair-Laundry also reached the {{Coord|82|6|S|54|58|E|name=Pole of Inaccessibility Station}} southern pole of inaccessibility. They were the first to do so without resupply or mechanical support, departing from [[Novolazarevskaya Station]] on their way to the [[South Pole]] to complete the first East/West crossing of Antarctica through both poles, over {{cvt|4,000|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=20632|title=ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles|date=5 March 2012|website=ExplorersWeb|access-date=10 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529035501/http://www.explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=20632|archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> As mentioned above, due to improvements in technology and the position of the continental edge of Antarctica being debated, the exact position of the best estimate of the pole of inaccessibility may vary. However, for the convenience of sport expeditions, a fixed point is preferred, and the Soviet station has been used for this role. This has been recognized by ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' for Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teamn2i.com/media/files/guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg |title=Image: guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg, (539 × 791 px) |date=19 January 2007 |publisher=Team n2i |access-date=10 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514041543/http://www.teamn2i.com/media/files/guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=No context for [[WP:V|verification]]|date=June 2024}}
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