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==Written stories== === French ''roman policier'' === French ''romans policiers'' [[:fr:roman policier|(fr)]] value induction over deduction, synthesis of character over analysis of crime.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dorff |first1=Susan L. |title=The French Connection: A short history of the roman policier from Vidocq (the real-life founder of the Sûreté) to Simenon's Maigret to France's current bestselling crime writer, Frédéric Dard |journal=The Armchair Detective |date=Fall 1989 |volume=22 |issue=4 |url=http://www.trussel.com/maig/dorff.htm |access-date=24 March 2021 |publisher=trussel.com |quote=Susan L. Dorff is a professor of French at Boston University<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20210324052920/https://www.bu.edu/nisprod/coursedesc/data/archives/200709251128/www.bu.edu/bulletins/und/item12e.html -->}}</ref> *1866: [[Émile Gaboriau]]: [[Monsieur Lecoq]] *1905: [[Maurice Leblanc]]: [[Arsène Lupin]] *1908: [[Gaston Leroux]]: [[Joseph Rouletabille]] *1931: [[Georges Simenon]]: [[Inspector Maigret]] *1949: [[Frédéric Dard]]: "San-Antonio" ===1931: Georges Simenon=== The ''[[Inspector Maigret]]'' novels of [[Georges Simenon]] feature a strong focus on the lead character, but the novels have always included subordinate members of his staff as supporting characters. Simenon, who had been a journalist covering police investigations before creating Maigret, gave the appearance of an accurate depiction of law enforcement in Paris. Simenon influenced later European procedural writers, such as Sweden's [[Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö]], and [[A. C. Baantjer|Baantjer]].<ref>Murielle Wenger, and Stephen Trussel, ''Maigret's World: A Reader's Companion to Simenon's Famous Detective'' (McFarland, 2017).</ref> ===1940: John Creasey/J. J. Marric=== Perhaps ranking just behind McBain in importance to the development of the procedural as a distinct mystery subgenre is [[John Creasey]], a prolific writer of many different kinds of crime fiction, from espionage to criminal protagonist. He was inspired to write a more realistic crime novel when his neighbor, a retired [[Scotland Yard]] detective, challenged Creasey to "write about us as we are". The result was ''Inspector West Takes Charge'', 1940, the first of more than forty novels to feature Roger West of the [[London Metropolitan Police]]. The West novels were, for the era, an unusually realistic look at Scotland Yard operations, but the plots were often wildly melodramatic, and, to get around thorny legal problems, Creasey gave West an "amateur detective" friend who was able to perform the extra-procedural acts that West, as a policeman, could not. In the mid-1950s, inspired by the success of television's ''[[Dragnet (1951 TV series)|Dragnet]]'' and a similar British TV series, ''[[Fabian of the Yard]]'', Creasey decided to try a more down-to-earth series of cop stories. Adopting the pseudonym "J.J. Marric", he wrote ''[[Gideon's Day]]'', 1955, in which [[George Gideon]], a high-ranking detective at Scotland Yard, spends a busy day supervising his subordinates' investigations into several unrelated crimes. This novel was the first in a series of more than twenty books which brought Creasey his best critical notices. One entry, ''Gideon's Fire'', 1961, won an [[Edgar Award]] from the [[Mystery Writers of America]] for Best Mystery Novel. The Gideon series, more than any other source, helped establish the common procedural plot structure of threading several autonomous story lines through a single novel. === 1952: Hillary Waugh === [[Hillary Waugh]], in 1952, wrote [[Last Seen Wearing ... (Hillary Waugh novel)|''Last Seen Wearing ...'']], a commercial and critical success, exploring detailed and relentless police work.<ref>[[The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time]]</ref><ref>[[Mystery Writers of America#Grand Master Award]]</ref> ===1956: Ed McBain=== Ed McBain, the [[pseudonym]] of [[Evan Hunter]], wrote dozens of novels in the ''[[87th Precinct]]'' series beginning with ''[[Cop Hater]],'' published in 1956. Hunter continued to write 87th Precinct novels almost until his death in 2005. Although these novels focus primarily on Detective Steve Carella, they encompass the work of many officers working alone and in teams, and Carella is not always present in any individual book. As if to illustrate the universality of the police procedural, many of McBain's 87th Precinct novels, despite their being set in a slightly fictionalized New York City, have been filmed in settings outside New York, even outside the US. [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s 1963 film, ''[[High and Low (1963 film)|High and Low]]'', based on McBain's ''King's Ransom'' (1959), is set in [[Yokohama]]. ''Without Apparent Motive'' (1972), set on the [[French Riviera]], is based on McBain's ''Ten Plus One'' (1963). [[Claude Chabrol]]'s ''[[Blood Relatives (film)|Les Liens de Sang]]'' (1978), based on ''Blood Relatives'' (1974), is set in [[Montreal]]. Even ''[[Fuzz (film)|Fuzz]]'' (1972), based on the 1968 novel, though set in the US, moves the action to [[Boston]]. Two episodes of ABC's [[Columbo]], set in Los Angeles, were based on McBain novels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbo-site.freeuk.com/mcbain.htm|title=Ed McBain's Columbo}}</ref> ===1960: Elizabeth Linington/Dell Shannon/Lesley Egan=== A prolific author of police procedurals, whose work has fallen out of fashion in the years since her death, is [[Elizabeth Linington]] writing under her own name, as well as "Dell Shannon" and "Lesley Egan". Linington reserved her Dell Shannon pseudonym primarily for procedurals featuring LAPD Central [[Homicide]] [[Lieutenant]] Luis Mendoza (1960–86). Under her own name she wrote about Sergeant Ivor Maddox of LAPD's North Hollywood Station, and as Lesley Egan she wrote about suburban cop Vic Varallo. These novels are sometimes considered flawed, partly due to the author's far-right political viewpoint (she was a member of the [[John Birch Society]]), but primarily because Miss Linington's books, notwithstanding the frequent comments she made about the depth of her research, were all seriously deficient in the single element most identified with the police procedural, technical accuracy. However, they have a certain charm in their depiction of a kinder, gentler California, where the police were always "good guys" who solved all the crimes and respected the citizenry. ===1965: Sjöwall and Wahlöö=== [[Maj Sjöwall]] and [[Per Wahlöö]] planned and wrote the [[Martin Beck]] police procedural series of ten books between the 1960s and 1970s, set in [[Sweden]]. The series is particularly renowned for its extensive character development throughout the series.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Scene of the Crime: The Importance of Place in Crime and Mystery Fiction|last = Geherin|first = David|pages = 162}}</ref> Beck himself is gradually promoted from [[detective]] in a newly nationalised Swedish police force to [[Chief of staff|Chief]] [[Inspector]] of the National Murder Squad, and the realistic depiction, as well as criticism of the Swedish [[welfare state]] at the time whilst the tedium of the police procedural continues in the background, is something still widely used today, with authors such as [[Jo Nesbø]] and [[Stieg Larsson]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Gumshoes: A Dictionary of Fictional Detectives|last = Brunsdale|first = Mitzi|pages = 62}}</ref> The books gave rise to the [[Scandinavian noir|Swedish noir]] scene, and ''[[The Laughing Policeman (novel)|The Laughing Policeman]]'' earned a "Best Novel" Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America in 1971. The books were translated from Swedish into 35 different languages, and have sold roughly ten million copies. Sjöwall and Wahlöö used [[Black comedy|black humour]] extensively in the series,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.crimefictionlover.com/2014/09/cis-a-guide-to-the-martin-beck-series/|title = CIS: A GUIDE TO THE MARTIN BECK SERIES|last = Megraw|first = Jeremy|date = 21 September 2014}}</ref> and it is widely recognised as one of the finest police procedural series. ===1970: Tony Hillerman=== [[Tony Hillerman]], the author of 17 novels involving Jim Chee and Joe Leaphorn, wrote procedurals in which the procedures were those of the [[Navajo Tribal Police]]. ===1971: Joseph Wambaugh=== Though not the first police officer to write procedurals, [[Joseph Wambaugh]]'s success has caused him to become the exemplar of cops who turn their professional experiences into fiction. The son of a [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], policeman, Wambaugh joined the Los Angeles Police Department after a stint of military duty. In 1970, his first novel, ''[[The New Centurions]]'', was published. This followed three police officers through their training in the academy, their first few years on the street, culminating in the Watts riots of 1965. It was followed by such novels as ''The Blue Knight'', 1971, ''[[The Choirboys (book)|The Choirboys]]'', 1975, ''Hollywood Station'', 2006, and acclaimed non-fiction books like ''[[The Onion Field]]'', 1973, ''Lines and Shadows'', 1984, and ''Fire Lover'', 2002. Wambaugh has said that his main purpose is less to show how cops work on the job, than how the job works on cops. ===Detective novel writers=== It is difficult to disentangle the early roots of the procedural from its forebear, the traditional detective novel, which often featured a police officer as protagonist. By and large, the better known novelists such as [[Ngaio Marsh]] produced work that falls more squarely into the province of the traditional or "cozy" detective novel. Nevertheless, some of the work of authors less well known today, like [[Freeman Wills Crofts]]'s novels about Inspector French or some of the work of the prolific team of [[G. D. H. Cole|G.D.H.]] and [[Margaret Cole]], might be considered as the antecedents of today's police procedural. British mystery novelist and critic [[Julian Symons]], in his 1972 history of crime fiction, ''Bloody Murder'', labeled these proto-procedurals "humdrums", because of their emphasis on the plodding nature of the investigators. <!--PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER..... not ALPHABETICAL....make chronological : logical -->
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