Editing Polyaniline (section)

===Synthesis===
Although the synthetic methods to produce polyaniline are quite simple, the mechanism of polymerization is probably complex. The formation of leucoemeraldine can be described as follows, where [O] is a generic oxidant:<ref name=Chiang>{{cite journal|last=Chiang|first=J.C.|author2=MacDiarmid, A. G. |title='Polyaniline': Protonic Acid Doping of the Emeraldine Form to the Metallic Regime|doi=10.1016/0379-6779(86)90070-6|journal=Synthetic Metals|year=1986|volume=1|issue=13|page=193}}</ref>

:n C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub> + [O] → [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH]<sub>n</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O

A common oxidant is [[ammonium persulfate]] in 1 M [[hydrochloric acid]] (other acids can be used). The polymer precipitates as an unstable [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]] with micrometer-scale particulates.

(Per)nigraniline is prepared by oxidation of the emeraldine base with a [[peracid]]:<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0379-6779(91)91145-Z|title=Polyaniline: Synthesis and properties of pernigraniline base|journal=Synthetic Metals|volume=41|issue=1–2|pages=621–626|year=1991|last1=MacDiarmid|first1=A.G.|last2=Manohar|first2=S.K.|last3=Masters|first3=J.G.|last4=Sun|first4=Y.|last5=Weiss|first5=H.|last6=Epstein|first6=A.J.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
:{[C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH]<sub>2</sub>[C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N]<sub>2</sub>}<sub>n</sub> + RCO<sub>3</sub>H → [C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N]<sub>n</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + RCO<sub>2</sub>H
Aniline can also be electrochemically polymerised directly onto conductive surfaces without the use of a chemical oxidant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boeva |first1=Zh. A. |last2=Sergeyev |first2=V. G. |date=September 2014 |title=Polyaniline: Synthesis, properties, and application |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1811238214010032 |journal=Polymer Science Series C |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=144–153 |doi=10.1134/S1811238214010032 |issn=1811-2382|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Chun |last2=Bai |first2=Hua |last3=Shi |first3=Gaoquan |date=2009 |title=Conducting polymer nanomaterials: electrosynthesis and applications |url=https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b816681c |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |language=en |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2709 |doi=10.1039/b816681c |pmid=19623357 |issn=0306-0012|url-access=subscription }}</ref>