Editing Polycatenane (section)

=== Catenated nanocages ===
The basic unit of the polycatenane can differ from the relatively simple organic macrocycle. When organic and inorganic building blocks come together, they can form [[coordination cage]]s (or [[macromolecular cages]]) that can interlock with one another to form a polycatenane structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Marina |last2=Johnstone |first2=Mark D. |last3=Clever |first3=Guido H. |date=2016-09-26 |title=Interpenetrated Cage Structures |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201601752 |journal=Chemistry - A European Journal |language=en |volume=22 |issue=40 |pages=14104–14125 |doi=10.1002/chem.201601752 |pmid=27417259|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The mechanism is still unexplored but generally the subunits [[Self-assembly|self-assemble]] into a 0D cage and, in a concerted process, interlock together into a linear or more intricate catenane structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Edwin C. |last2=Zhang |first2=Guoqi |last3=Housecroft |first3=Catherine E. |last4=Zampese |first4=Jennifer A. |date=2011 |title=Zinc(ii) coordination polymers, metallohexacycles and metallocapsules—do we understand self-assembly in metallosupramolecular chemistry: algorithms or serendipity? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ce05884c |journal=CrystEngComm |volume=13 |issue=22 |pages=6864 |doi=10.1039/c1ce05884c |issn=1466-8033|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Westcott |first1=Aleema |last2=Fisher |first2=Julie |last3=Harding |first3=Lindsay P. |last4=Rizkallah |first4=Pierre |last5=Hardie |first5=Michaele J. |date=2008-02-16 |title=Self-Assembly of a 3-D Triply Interlocked Chiral [2]Catenane |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8002149 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2950–2951 |doi=10.1021/ja8002149 |issn=0002-7863 |pmid=18278922|bibcode=2008JAChS.130.2950W |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuang |first1=Xiaofei |last2=Wu |first2=Xiaoyuan |last3=Yu |first3=Rongmin |last4=Donahue |first4=James P. |last5=Huang |first5=Jinshun |last6=Lu |first6=Can-Zhong |date=2010-04-11 |title=Assembly of a metal–organic framework by sextuple intercatenation of discrete adamantane-like cages |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.618 |journal=Nature Chemistry |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=461–465 |bibcode=2010NatCh...2..461K |doi=10.1038/nchem.618 |issn=1755-4330 |pmid=20489714|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heine |first1=Johanna |last2=Schmedt auf der Günne |first2=Jörn |last3=Dehnen |first3=Stefanie |date=2011-07-06 |title=Formation of a Strandlike Polycatenane of Icosahedral Cages for Reversible One-Dimensional Encapsulation of Guests |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja2030273 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=133 |issue=26 |pages=10018–10021 |doi=10.1021/ja2030273 |issn=0002-7863 |pmid=21657228|bibcode=2011JAChS.13310018H |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torresi |first1=Stefano |last2=Famulari |first2=Antonino |last3=Martí-Rujas |first3=Javier |date=2020-05-20 |title=Kinetically Controlled Fast Crystallization of M 12 L 8 Poly-[ n ]-catenanes Using the 2,4,6-Tris(4-pyridyl)benzene Ligand and ZnCl 2 in an Aromatic Environment |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.0c03319 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=142 |issue=20 |pages=9537–9543 |doi=10.1021/jacs.0c03319 |pmid=32343571 |bibcode=2020JAChS.142.9537T |s2cid=216646315 |issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marti-Rujas, J.; Famulari, A. |date=2024 |title=Polycatenanes Formed of Self-Assembled Metal Organic Cages |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.202407626 |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume= 63|issue= 34|pages= e202407626|doi= 10.1002/anie.202407626|pmid= 38837637|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sometimes the catenated cages structure is more stable with respect to the monomeric cage state, and it can be formed passing through a favored reaction intermediate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shijun |last2=Li |first2=Pan |last3=Li |first3=Zi-Ying |last4=Yu |first4=Chunyang |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaoyun |last6=Liu |first6=Zhiqiang |last7=Zhang |first7=Shaodong |date=July 2021 |title=Catenated Cages Mediated by Enthalpic Reaction Intermediates |journal=CCS Chemistry |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=1838–1850 |doi=10.31635/ccschem.020.202000360 |issn=2096-5745 |s2cid=224904423|doi-access=free }}</ref> The synthesis can follow a statistical or a directed routes, forming more or less product, but there are some cases when post-synthetic modifications can increase the product yields.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yong |last2=Guo |first2=Qing-Hui |last3=Qiu |first3=Yunyan |last4=Weber |first4=Jacob A. |last5=Young |first5=Ryan M. |last6=Bancroft |first6=Laura |last7=Jiao |first7=Yang |last8=Chen |first8=Hongliang |last9=Song |first9=Bo |last10=Liu |first10=Wenqi |last11=Feng |first11=Yuanning |last12=Zhao |first12=Xingang |last13=Li |first13=Xuesong |last14=Zhang |first14=Long |last15=Chen |first15=Xiao-Yang |date=2022-03-22 |title=Syntheses of three-dimensional catenanes under kinetic control |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=12 |pages=e2118573119 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11918573W |doi=10.1073/pnas.2118573119 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8944772 |pmid=35290119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Pan |last2=Xu |first2=Shijun |last3=Yu |first3=Chunyang |last4=Li |first4=Zi-Ying |last5=Xu |first5=Jianping |last6=Li |first6=Zi-Mu |last7=Zou |first7=Lingyi |last8=Leng |first8=Xuebing |last9=Gao |first9=Shan |last10=Liu |first10=Zhiqiang |last11=Liu |first11=Xiaoyun |last12=Zhang |first12=Shaodong |date=2020-04-27 |title=De Novo Construction of Catenanes with Dissymmetric Cages by Space-Discriminative Post-Assembly Modification |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202000442 |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |language=en |volume=59 |issue=18 |pages=7113–7121 |doi=10.1002/anie.202000442 |pmid=32003925 |issn=1433-7851 |s2cid=210982600|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Catenated cages can be applied in a wide range of application due to the high presence of voids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Liwei |last2=Liang |first2=Chengyu |last3=Liu |first3=Wei |last4=Wang |first4=Yaxing |last5=Chen |first5=Bin |last6=Zhang |first6=Hailong |last7=Wang |first7=Yanlong |last8=Chai |first8=Zhifang |last9=Wang |first9=Shuao |date=2020-09-03 |title=Three-Dimensional Polycatenation of a Uranium-Based Metal–Organic Cage: Structural Complexity and Radiation Detection |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c08117 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=142 |issue=38 |pages=16218–16222 |doi=10.1021/jacs.0c08117 |issn=0002-7863 |pmid=32881493 |bibcode=2020JAChS.14216218C |s2cid=221496523|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marti-Rujas |first1=Javier |last2=Elli |first2=Stefano |last3=Famulari |first3=Antonino |title=Kinetic trapping of 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)benzene and ZnI2 into M12L8 poly-[n]-catenanes using solution and solid-state processes |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2023 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5605 (2023)|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32661-x |pmid=37019947 |pmc=10076325 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marti-Rujas, J. |date=2023 |title=Connecting metal–organic cages (MOCs) for CO2 remediation |journal=Materials Advances |volume=4 |issue=19 |pages=4333–4343|doi=10.1039/D3MA00477E |doi-access=free }}</ref>