Editing Polypyrrole (section)

==Synthesis==
Different methods can be used to synthesize PPy, but the most common are electrochemical synthesis and chemical oxidation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sabouraud|first1=Guillaume|last2=Sadki|first2=Saïd|last3=Brodie|first3=Nancy|date=2000|title=The mechanisms of pyrrole electropolymerization|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=a807124a|journal=Chemical Society Reviews|volume=29|issue=5|pages=283–293|doi=10.1039/a807124a|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rapi|first1=S.|last2=Bocchi|first2=V.|last3=Gardini|first3=G. P.|date=1988-05-01|title=Conducting polypyrrole by chemical synthesis in water|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0379-6779%2888%2990259-7|journal=Synthetic Metals|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=217–221|doi=10.1016/0379-6779(88)90259-7|issn=0379-6779|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Chemical oxidation of pyrrole:
:n C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH  +  2n FeCl<sub>3</sub>   →   (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>NH)<sub>n</sub>  +  2n FeCl<sub>2</sub>  +  2n HCl

The process is thought to occur via the formation of the pi-[[radical cation]] C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH<sup>+</sup>.  This electrophile attacks the C-2 carbon of an unoxidized molecule of pyrrole to give a dimeric cation [(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>++</sup>.  The process repeats itself many times.

Conductive forms of PPy are prepared by oxidation ("p-doping") of the polymer:
:(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>NH)<sub>n</sub>  +  0.2 X   →    [(C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>NH)<sub>n</sub>X<sub>0.2</sub>]

The polymerization and p-doping can also be effected electrochemically.  The resulting conductive polymer are peeled off of the anode. [[Cyclic voltammetry]] and [[chronocoulometry]] methods can be used for electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sharifi-Viand | first1 = Ahmad | year = 2014 | title = Determination of fractal rough surface of polypyrrole film: AFM and electrochemical analysis | journal = Synthetic Metals | volume = 191 | pages = 104–112 | doi=10.1016/j.synthmet.2014.02.021}}</ref>

Most recent micro and nano droplet researches have been conducted in the synthesis of polypyrrole microstructures using various fluid templates formed on different solid surfaces.<ref>{{cite book|title=Creating microstructures using conducting polypyrrole|last=Johan|first=Albert|date=2010|publisher=GRIN Verlag |url=https://www.grin.com/document/506250|isbn=9783346068415}}</ref>