Editing Pontypool (section)

==History==
[[File:View near Pont y pool, Monmouthshire.jpeg|thumb|280px|View of Pontypool, 1830]]
The name of the town in Welsh – ''Pont-y-pŵl'' – originates from a bridge ('pont') associated with a pool in the Afon Lwyd. The Welsh word ''pŵl'' is a borrowing from English ''pool'' and is found in other place-names in Gwent.<ref>Richard Morgan, ''Place-names of Gwent'' (Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2005), p. 179.</ref> ''Pontypool'' is an anglicised form of the Welsh name.

Pontypool has a notable history as one of the earliest industrial towns in Wales. The town and its immediate surroundings were home to significant industrial and technological innovations, with links to the iron industry dating back to the early fifteenth century when a [[bloomery]] furnace was established at [[Pontymoile]].<ref>Cadw, ''Pontypool: Understanding Urban Character'', (Cardiff: Welsh Government, 2012), p.6</ref> During the sixteenth century, largely due to the influence of the Hanbury family, the area developed its association with the iron industry and continued to consolidate its position in the seventeenth century, when the development of the town began in earnest. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the metallurgical and extractive industries of the area, along with the development of the canals and railways, provided the impetus to the expansion of Pontypool and its surrounding villages and communities.

===Industrial development===
The [[Afon Lwyd]] valley, in which Pontypool is situated, provided an abundance of resources for the manufacturing of iron, including coal, iron ore, charcoal and waterpower. The wider technological developments of the [[Tudor period]], such as the utilisation of [[blast furnace]]s to produce iron, allowed for the greater exploitation of the mineral resources of south Wales. A blast furnace was in use at [[Monkswood, Monmouthshire|Monkswood]], near Pontypool, from as early as 1536 and was followed by the erection of other blast furnaces in the area surrounding Pontypool. An ironworks was established in what later became [[Pontypool Park]] in c. 1575. Forges, where cast iron could be converted into wrought iron, were also developed and included Town Forge within Pontypool, which was in operation during the last quarter of the sixteenth century, and the Osborne Forge, near [[Pontnewynydd]], which produced the renowned Osmond iron.<ref name="Cadw 2012, pp.6-7">Cadw (2012), pp.6–7</ref>

Richard Hanbury of Worcestershire, a notable entrepreneur, developed interests within the Pontypool area during the 1570s, acquiring and developing forges and furnaces in Monkswood, Cwmffrwdoer, Trosnant, [[Llanelly]] and [[Abercarn]].<ref>William Glyn Lloyd, ''Pontypool: Heart of the Valley'', (Pontypridd: J&P Davison, 2009), pp.11–12</ref> Hanbury acquired leases and rights to utilise the raw materials of the wider area, including a large expanse of woodland to produce charcoal and some 800 acres of land to extract coal and iron-ore at [[Panteg]], Pontymoile and [[Mynyddislwyn]]. Furthermore, he secured the rights to extract coal and iron-ore on [[Lord Abergavenny]]'s Hills in and around [[Blaenavon]]. The Hanburys were also active at Cwmlickey, Lower Race and Blaendare during the seventeenth century as the demand for coal was met.<ref name="Cadw 2012, pp.6-7"/>

Major [[John Hanbury (1664–1734)]] acquired a reputation as an industrial pioneer and through the endeavours of Hanbury and his leading agents, Thomas Cooke, William Payne and Thomas Allgood, significant developments within the British tinplate industry were made in Pontypool, including the introduction of the world's first [[Rolling (metalworking)|rolling]] for the production of iron sheets and [[blackplate]] at the Pontypool Park works in 1697. [[Tinplate]] was being produced at Pontypool from c. 1706, with an important tin mill in operation at Pontymoile during the early eighteenth century.<ref>Cadw (2012), p.7)</ref>

During the 1660s, Thomas Allgood of Northamptonshire, was appointed manager of the Pontypool Ironworks. Allgood developed the [[Pontypool japan|Pontypool 'japanning' process]], whereby metal plate could be treated in a way that generated a lacquered and decorative finish. Thomas Allgood died in 1716, having been unable to commence production of his Pontypool Japanware but the increased creation of tinplate at Pontypool from the early eighteenth century allowed for japanning to enter wide scale manufacture.<ref>Chris Barber, ''Eastern Valley: The Story of Torfaen'', (Llanfoist: Blorenge Books, 1999), p.37</ref> There was a growing demand for these artistic, luxury products and Allgood's sons, Edward and Thomas, established a japanworks in Pontypool, which was producing large quantities of Japanware by 1732.<ref name="Cadw 2012, p.9">Cadw (2012), p.9</ref> The brothers produced a range of products, including decorative bread baskets, tea trays, dishes and other items, and were renowned for their high quality work. Following the death of Edward Allgood in 1761 there was a family quarrel between his two sons and a rival japanning factory was established in Usk. Both the Pontypool and Usk concerns had ceased production by the early 1820s.<ref>Barber (1999), pp.40–42</ref>

From the mid to late eighteenth century, as the industrial revolution took hold, there was a massive expansion in the economic development of south Wales. Iron-making flourished in emerging towns and settlements, notably at [[Merthyr Tydfil]], [[Tredegar]], and Blaenavon. By the early nineteenth century, south Wales was the most important centre of iron production in the world.<ref>Peter Wakelin, Blaenavon Ironworks and World Heritage Site Landscape, 2nd Ed., (Cardiff: Cadw, 2011), p.3</ref> Whilst Pontypool was not as competitive as some of the larger ironworks towns, it retained a niche in the metallurgical market, producing specialist tinplate. The japanning industry of Pontypool continued to decline and had ceased by the mid-nineteenth century, by which time the economy of the Pontypool area relied on the iron and coal industries, the tinplate industry and the production of iron rails. The twentieth century witnessed a decline in the heavy industries of south Wales and this had a direct impact on the economy of Pontypool and its district.<ref name="Cadw 2012, p.9"/>

===Urban and civic development===
[[File:Pontypool Town Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1930025.jpg|thumb|[[Pontypool Town Hall]]]]
The growth of Pontypool accompanied the development of industry. Originally a dispersed, rural settlement, the first centres of growth took place in the hamlets of Trosnant and Pontymoile. However, as the focus of industry and investment became increasingly centred on Pontypool, the town began to emerge as a focal point for the wider, scattered community.<ref>Cadw (2012), p.10</ref>

Pontypool was a little village within old Trevethin parish<ref>The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales, 1894-5</ref> in the ancient [[Hundred (county division)|hundred]] of [[Abergavenny Hundred|Abergavenny]] of the [[Monmouthshire (historic)|County of Monmouth]]. In 1690, during the reign of [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]], the Crown accepted a petition for a market to be established in Pontypool, permitting a weekly market and three annual fairs—the village thus officially became a town. A market hall and assembly rooms were erected in 1730–31, thereby elevating the civic position of the community.<ref>Lloyd (2009), p.15</ref> During the early eighteenth century, the Hanbury family were also developing their Pontypool Park estate as a permanent family residence. The development of industrial works and employment opportunities near the emerging town also precipitated the building of dwellings along the Afon Lwyd to provide housing for the workforce. Trade and commerce also developed and Pontypool, largely due to the endeavours of the Vaughan family, acquired a strong reputation for clock-making during the eighteenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century, a small town had clearly developed, providing employment, housing and a commercial role, also serving as an important local centre for the surrounding hamlets.<ref>Lloyd (2009), pp.25–26</ref> By the time Archdeacon [[William Coxe (historian)|William Coxe]] visited Pontypool at the dawn of the nineteenth century, the town had some 250 houses and a number of thriving shops and businesses, catering for a population of approximately 1,500 people.<ref>Cadw (2012), p.12</ref>

Pontypool continued to grow during the nineteenth century, with many new houses and buildings being erected during the late Victorian period. Concurrently, the outlying villages also grew, effectively providing suburbs to Pontypool town centre. Key civic and community buildings were created during the course of the century, including an abundance of chapels and churches, [[Pontypool Town Hall]], which was provided by Capel Hanbury Leigh in 1856, and a great number of shops, banks, public houses, hotels and a public library from 1906.<ref>Cadw (2012), pp.13–14</ref>

The town also developed an important educational role. Pontypool became home to a Welsh Baptist College in 1836, when it moved from Abergavenny. The college trained many Welsh Baptist ministers, large numbers of whom went on to lead congregations in Wales and overseas. It relocated to the new [[University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire]], in Cardiff, in 1893.<ref>D Hugh Matthews, ''From Abergavenny to Cardiff: History of the South Wales Baptist College'' (1806–2006), (Swansea: Gwasg Ilston, 2007)</ref> The former Pontypool College became the County Grammar School for Girls in 1897 and, in the following January, [[West Monmouth School|West Monmouth Grammar School]] was opened for boys. The school's origins date back to the early seventeenth century when William Jones, a wealthy merchant, left a considerable fortune to the [[Worshipful Company of Haberdashers|Company of Haberdashers]] to provide charitable and educational services in Monmouth. [[Monmouth School]] was built in 1615 and many years later, the trustees of the charity decided to invest in additional schools within the county. 'West Mon' School was consequently built, at a cost of £30,000, on a site donated by John Capel Hanbury in 1896.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=West Monmouth School|title=School History|url=http://westmonmouthschool.com/school-information/school-history/|access-date= 9 March 2015}}</ref>

Urban growth continued in the twentieth century as national social reforms encouraged the provision of public housing schemes to improve the quality of housing in working class communities. Redevelopment programmes in the latter half of the century resulted in the demolition of old streets and historic buildings, as well as the creation of new road networks to relieve the increased pressure of vehicular traffic.<ref>Cadw (2012), p.14</ref>

===Transport===
The industries of the area necessitated good transport links. A network of tramroads was established throughout the Pontypool area to connect sites of extraction to the centres of the production and subsequently to export, and market routes. The construction of the [[Monmouthshire Canal]] during the 1790s connected Pontnewynydd to Newport and later connected with the [[Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal]] at [[Pontymoile]] in 1812. Tramroads leading from industrial areas within an eight-mile radius of the canal converged at either Pontnewynydd or Pontymoile.<ref name="Cadw 2012, pp.16-18">Cadw (2012), pp.16–18</ref>

The tramroads and canals were superseded by the railways in the mid-nineteenth century. From 1845, work commenced on establishing [[Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company|a railway from Pontypool to Newport]]. The line opened to passengers in 1852 and connected with [[Blaenavon Low Level railway station|Blaenavon]] in 1854. It eventually came under the management of the [[Great Western Railway]]. Another line was constructed during the 1860s and 1870s to connect [[Pontypool, Caerleon and Newport Railway|Pontypool with Newport via Caerleon]]. Connections were also made with Abergavenny, Hereford and the Taff Vale. Pontypool had three railway stations, namely [[Pontypool Crane Street railway station|Crane Street]], [[Pontypool Clarence Street railway station|Clarence Street]] and [[Pontypool and New Inn railway station|Pontypool Road]]. Line closures during the 1960s greatly reduced the valley's railway connections, which were replaced by modern roads. The only passenger line still operating within Pontypool is at an unstaffed station in New Inn.<ref name="Cadw 2012, pp.16-18"/> [[Pontypool and New Inn railway station|Pontypool & New Inn station]] is on the [[Welsh Marches Line]] with trains provided by [[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]].

===Pontypool Park===
[[Pontypool Park]] was the historic seat of the Hanbury family, who developed a permanent residence in Pontypool in c. 1694 and, under the direction of Major John Hanbury, subsequently established a deer park in the early 1700s. The park became a venue for recreation and enjoyment for the Hanbury family and their associates.<ref name="Cadw 2012, p.48">Cadw (2012), p.48</ref> An example of the luxury and display demonstrated by the family is the ornate shell grotto summerhouse within the park, completed and decorated during the 1830s.<ref>Barber (1999), p.81</ref>

Pontypool Park House was gradually extended and modified, with major changes being carried out in the mid-18th century, the early 1800s and 1872. Alterations were also made within Pontypool Park during the 19th century and included the dismantling of the old ironworks in 1831, the reconstruction of the park gates by Thomas Deakin of Blaenavon in 1835, the planting of trees to increase the privacy of the family from the gaze of outsiders, and the development of the American Gardens in 1851.<ref name="Cadw 2012, p.48"/>
[[File:Pontypool Museum.jpg|thumb|Amgueddfa Torfaen Museum]]

In 1920, the house and its park entered public ownership, and this allowed for the site to be developed as a public amenity. Developments during the 1920s witnessed the introduction of public tennis courts, a rugby ground and a bowling green. A notable event was the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales|Royal National Eisteddfod]], which took place in the park in 1924.<ref>Lloyd (2009), p.137</ref> A bandstand was added in 1931, allowing the townspeople the opportunity to listen to music in the open air. A leisure centre and artificial ski slope were introduced in 1974.<ref name="Cadw 2012, p.48"/>

Pontypool Park House was sold to the Sisters of the Order of the Holy Ghost in 1923, who utilised the building as a girls' boarding school. It eventually became [[St Alban's Roman Catholic High School, Pontypool|St. Alban's R.C. High School]]. The adjacent stable block was used for a variety of purposes during the 20th century but ultimately became home to the Valley Inheritance Museum in 1981, which was set up by Torfaen Museum Trust (est. 1978) to accommodate, safeguard and present the collections relating to the heritage of the Afon Lwyd valley.<ref>Barber (1999), p.79</ref>