Editing Pope Stephen IX (section)

==Pre-papal career==
Frederick held a [[canonry]]<ref>The claim that he was a canon of Saint-Alban de Namur is without foundation: Wattendorff, pp. 7–8. U. Robert, ''Un pape belge'', p. 5.</ref> in [[St. Lambert's Cathedral in Liège]] and then became the [[archdeacon]].<ref name="Healy50" /><ref>U. Robert, p. 5.</ref> In 1049, or perhaps 1051, he met [[Pope Leo IX]], and was invited to Rome.<ref>Wattendorff, pp. 8–9, prefers the date 1049. U. Robert, pp. 6–7, argues for the date 1051.</ref> He was appointed [[cardinal-deacon]] of [[Santa Maria in Domnica]] by Leo IX. He was also appointed "bibliothecarius et cancellarius", in succession to Odo, the primicerius of Toul, who was named a bishop, and whose latest signature as chancellor is on 16 January 1051.<ref>U. Robert, p. 7.</ref> Frederick appears as a signatory to papal documents from 9 March 1051 to 21 December 1053.<ref>Cf. Klaus Ganzer (1963), ''Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter'' {{in lang|de}} (Tübingen: Niemeyer), pp. 15–16, no. 1.</ref>

===Travels===
As chancellor, Frederick's duties in preparing and issuing papal documents, especially bulls, required his constant attendance on the pope. He therefore followed Leo in various travels. He participated in the pope's southern journey from May to August 1052; he signed a bull at S. Germano on 20 May 1052, and on 1 July he was in [[Benevento]]. He attended Leo in his trip to Germany, where the pope met with [[Emperor Henry III]], and attempted to reconcile him with King [[Andrew I of Hungary]]; they were at Bamberg with the emperor, on 18 October, when Frederick signed a [[Papal bull|bull]], and spent Christmas in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]].<ref>U. Robert, pp. 8–9. Wattendorff, pp. 9–10.</ref> During their return journey, Bishop Peter of Le Puy was consecrated at Ravenna on 14 March 1053, and Chancellor Frederick signed the certificate of consecration.<ref>Wattendorff, p. 10.</ref>

The return from Germany had a purpose behind it. Along with Frederick came his brother Godefroy, and numerous troops. Pope Leo, who had negotiated an agreement with the Byzantine [[catepan of Italy]], [[Argyrus (catepan of Italy)|Argyros]], was planning a war against the Normans, which was launched in April 1053. Argyrus proved to be no help at all. The papal forces, filled with Germans, suffered a disastrous [[Battle of Civitate|defeat at Civitate]] in the [[Capitanata]] on 18 June 1053. The pope and his cardinals were driven out of their refuge in [[San Paolo di Civitate|Civitate]], and forced to sue for peace. They were seized by the Normans and conveyed to Benevento, where he was installed by 23 June. The pope remained in custody all winter, not setting out for Rome until 12 March 1054.<ref>Gregorovius, pp. 81–90. Jaffé, pp. 545, 548.</ref>

[[File:Humbert-Kerularij.jpg|thumb|left|Patriarch Michael enthroned, ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']]
Frederick was with Leo throughout the campaign against the Normans until he was appointed to the embassy to Constantinople. On 28 May 1053, he was at the monastery of [[Montecassino]], on 10 June at Sale, and on 18 June at Civitate.<ref>Wattendorff, pp. 10–13. U. Robert, pp. 9–11.</ref>

In January 1054, the chancellor Frederick was appointed, along with Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida]] and Archbishop Pietro of Amalfi, to a legation from Pope Leo IX to the Emperor [[Constantine Monomachos]].<ref>Kehr, ''Italia pontifica'' VIII, pp. 389–390. Archbishop Peter had abandoned Amalfi to the Normans, and was living at the papal court: "Romanus est omnino et ab Amalfitanis discedens familariter secum vivit iam paene anno integro." {{cite book|author=Pierre Paul Brucker|title=L'Alsace et l'Église au temps du pape saint Léon IX (Bruno d'Egisheim) 1002–1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNtW1p8JC1cC|volume=Tome II|year=1889|publisher=F.-X. Le Roux et Cie|location=Strasbourg|language=French|pages=318–332}}</ref> Their purpose was to persuade the emperor to come to the aid of the pope, join forces with Henry III, and destroy the Normans.<ref>Gregorovius, p. 89.</ref> When the legates reached Constantinople, they were hospitably received by the emperor and stayed at the imperial palace for some time. Negotiations between them, Patriarch [[Michael Cerularius]] of Constantinople, and Archbishop [[Leo of Ohrid]], however, did not succeed. Pope Leo died during the negotiations, on 19 April 1054. On 16 July 1054, Cardinal Humbert placed the bull of excommunication of the patriarch and archbishop on the high altar of [[Hagia Sophia]]. Cardinal Frederick discharged the function of one of the three [[papal legate]]s participating in the events that led to the [[East-West Schism]].{{sfn|Siecienski|2010|p=}} When the legates announced their intended departure, the emperor bestowed upon them, in honor of their work, imperial gifts, as well as substantial gifts to the [[Holy See]].<ref>Watterich, p. 189. Leo Marsicanus, "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis", Book II. 85, in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historia Scriptorum Tomus VII'' (Hannover: Hahn 1846), p. 686: "Sed cum intra hos dies defuncto papa redire disponerent, imperialibus illos donis Monomachus honorifice munerans, beato quoque Petro per eosdeem dona non parva transmisit."</ref>

===Refuge===
[[File:Codex Aureus.jpg|thumb|Emperor Henry III and Empress Agnes kneeling before the [[Virgin Mary]], [[Golden Gospels of Henry III|Speyer Evangeliary]]]]
Frederick apparently brought back a substantial amount of additional money (''pecunia'') with him from Constantinople, sufficient to bring suspicion upon him on the part of Emperor Henry III.<ref>Watterich, p. 189. Leo Marsicanus, "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis", Book II. 86, in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historia Scriptorum Tomus VII'' (Hannover: Hahn 1846), p. 687: "Comperiens itaque imperator Fridericum a Constantinopoli reversum magnam valde pecuniam detulisse, cepit eum vehementer suspectum habere."</ref> In November 1054, the emperor named [[Gebhard of Dollnstein-Hirschberg]] as the next [[pope]], and the latter was enthroned as Victor II on 13 April 1055. Frederick was back at the papal chancellery in 1055, but, when the Emperor visited Italy in the summer of 1055, he commanded that Victor arrest Frederick and send him to the German court immediately. Frederick sought refuge at Montecassino late in 1055, where he became a monk of the [[Order of St. Benedict]].<ref>Kelly and Walsh, ''Oxford Dictionary of Popes'', pp. 149–150. Ganzer, p. 15. Gregorovius, pp. 94–96.</ref> To escape the imperial and papal agents, with the abbot's permission, he withdrew to the Island of Termiti in the Adriatic, off the port of Termoli.

In August 1056, Pope Victor, harassed by political problems on all sides, travelled to Germany to consult with and gain help from Emperor Henry. He was received by the emperor at Goslar on 8 September, and was with him at [[Bodfeld]] on 21 September; but, on 5 October 1056, Henry died. He was buried at Speyer on 21 October. Shortly thereafter, the imperial court was at [[Aachen]], where the pope enthroned Henry III's six-year-old son [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]. A reconciliation between the Lorrainers and the imperial family became possible. At a meeting in Cologne in December, the pope reconciled Count [[Baldwin V of Flanders]] and Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, Frederick's brother, to [[Empress Agnes]], widow of Henry III and [[regent]] for their son Henry IV.<ref>Jaffé, p. 551. Gregorovius, pp. 96–98.</ref>

===Abbacy===
[[File:Gebhard I Bischof von Eichstätt, als Victor II Papst.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Pope Victor in the [[Pontifical of Gundekar]]]]
Pope Victor was annoyed by the fact that, following the death of Abbot Richer of Montecassino in December 1055, the papacy had not been consulted in the selection of his successor, Abbot Peter. The situation was made worse by dissensions inside the community, and reports to the pope of various alleged misdoings. Official attempts to justify the traditional procedure of election of abbots did not satisfy the reforming agenda of Roman officials.<ref>Pope Victor is charged by the "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis" with intending to use force: "Ita ad subjugandam sibi violenter abbatiam animum papa intenderat."</ref> In May 1057, shortly after [[Pentecost]], Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida]], sent as papal legate, began a series of investigations at the monastery. On 22 May he persuaded Abbot Peter to resign. And on 23 May, in a chapter meeting of all of the brothers, presided over by Cardinal Humbert, they began to elect a new abbot; the successful candidate was Cardinal Frederick of Lorraine, who was a monk of Montecassino. Ten days after his election, he and Cardinal Humbert proceeded to the papal court, which was in Tuscany at the time. He was consecrated the thirty-sixth abbot of Montecassino by Pope Victor on 24 June 1057,<ref name="Ganzer, p. 16">Ganzer, p. 16.</ref> and ruled for a little over ten months.<ref>Luigi Tosti, ''Storia della Badia di Monte-Cassino'' I (Naples 1842), pp. 208–211. Watterich, p. 189. Leo Marsicanus, "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis", Book II. 91–92, in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historia Scriptorum Tomus VII'' (Hannover: Hahn 1846), pp. 690–692.</ref> He obtained for his abbey the privilege of being seated ahead of all other abbots at synods, and for the abbots of Montecassino the privilege of wearing the [[Episcopal sandals|sandals]] and [[dalmatic]] at religious ceremonies.<ref name="Ganzer, p. 16"/>

On 14 June 1057, Frederick was promoted to the position of [[cardinal-presbyter]] of [[San Crisogono, Rome|San Crisogono]] by Victor.<ref>Gregorovius IV. 1, pp. 98–99. Charles Radding and Francis Newton, ''Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics in the Eucharistic controversy, 1078–1079'', (Columbia University Press, 2003), 89.</ref> Frederick took part in a synod at Arezzo on 23 July, and then began the return journey to Montecassino. He reached Rome, where he took possession of S. Crisogono, his titular church, and took up residence at the Benedictine house, the Pallaria, on the Palatine Hill.<ref name="Ganzer, p. 16"/> Pope Victor died at Arezzo on 28 July, while Frederick was still in Rome.<ref>Jaffé, p. 553.</ref>