Editing Post-mortem interval (section)

==Analytical techniques==
There are analytical [[Scientific technique|techniques]] that can be used to determine the [[wiktionary:post mortem|post-mortem]] interval:<ref name=":1" />

* [[Forensic entomology]]: insect (especially blowfly) activity on the corpse.<ref name=":0" />
* Forensic botany: Plant and soil effects on the process of decomposition.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Forensic pathology]]: Cause of death determination and subsequent postmortem changes<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last1=Sorg |first1=Marcella |title=Advancing Forensic Taphonomy: Purpose, Theory, and Process |date=2001-07-30 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420058352-3 |work=Advances in Forensic Taphonomy |pages=3–29 |publisher=CRC Press |access-date=2022-04-14 |last2=Haglund |first2=William|doi=10.1201/9781420058352-3 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-12 |isbn=978-0-8493-1189-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Ocular changes: vitreous [[chemistry]] composition,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280613862|title=A New Model for the Estimation of Time of Death from Vitreous Potassium Levels Corrected for Age and Temperature |first1=B.|last1=Zilg|first2=S.|last2=Bernard|first3=K.|last3=Alkass|first4=S.|last4=Berg|first5=H.|last5=Druid|date=17 July 2015|volume=254|pages=158–166|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.020|pmid=26232848|journal=Forensic Science International|hdl=10616/44849|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[eye]] structural changes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De-Giorgio |first1=Fabio |last2=Grassi |first2=Simone |last3=d'Aloja |first3=Ernesto |last4=Pascali |first4=Vincenzo L. |date=2021-05-01 |title=Post-mortem ocular changes and time since death: Scoping review and future perspective |url=|journal=Legal Medicine |language=en |volume=50 |pages=101862 |doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101862 |pmid=33610931 |s2cid=231988953 |issn=1344-6223}}</ref> 
* State or stage of [[decomposition]]: [[Autolysis (biology)|autolysis]] (process of self-digestion) and [[putrefaction]] (process caused by [[bacteria]] found within the body).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butzbach |first=Danielle M. |date=2010-03-01 |title=The influence of putrefaction and sample storage on post-mortem toxicology results |journal=Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |doi=10.1007/s12024-009-9130-8 |pmid=19946767 |s2cid=32152746 |issn=1556-2891}}</ref>

More advanced methods include [[DNA]] quantification,<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=21542228 |year=2011 |last1=Lin |first1=X |last2=Yin |first2=YS |last3=Ji |first3=Q |title=Progress on DNA Quantification in Estimation of Postmortem Interval |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=47–9, 53 |journal=Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi}}</ref> [[infrared spectroscopy]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20707280 |year=2010 |last1=Huang |first1=P |last2=Tuo |first2=Y |last3=Wang |first3=ZY |title=Review on Estimation of Postmortem Interval Using FTIR Spectroscopy |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=198–201 |journal=Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi}}</ref> and for buried individuals changes in soil composition such as the levels of [[methane]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.002 |year=2015 |last1=Davla |first1=M |last2=Moore |first2=TR |last3=Kalacska |first3=M |last4=LeBlanc |first4=G |last5=Costopoulos |first5=A |title=Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Dynamics from Experimental Pig Graves |volume=247 |pages=41–47 | journal=Forensic Science International |pmid=25544693}}</ref> [[phosphate]]s and [[nitrate]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.3997/1873-0604.2004010 |year=2004 |last1=Senos Matias |first1=MJ |title=An Investigation into the Use of Geophysical Methods in the Study of Aquifer Contamination by Graveyards |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=131–136 | journal=Near Surface Geophysics |bibcode=2004NSGeo...2..131S }}</ref> ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.08.016 |pmid=19773138 |year=2009 |last1=Van Belle |first1=LE |last2=Carter |first2=DO |last3=Forbes |first3=SL |title=Measurement of Ninhydrin Reactive Nitrogen Influx into Gravesoil during Aboveground and Belowground Carcass (''Sus domesticus'') Decomposition |volume=193 |issue=1–3 |pages=37–41 | journal=Forensic Science International}}</ref> [[volatile organic compound]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.006 |year=2012 |last1=Vass |first1=A |title=Odor Mortis |volume=222 |issue=1–3 |pages=234–241 | journal=Forensic Science International |pmid=22727573 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258965 }}</ref> and water [[Conductivity (electrolytic)|conductivity]],<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/1556-4029.12802 |pmid=26190264 |year=2015 |last1=Pringle |first1=JK |last2=Cassella |first2=JP |last3=Jervis |first3=JR |last4=Williams |first4=A |last5=Cross |first5=P |last6=Cassidy |first6=NJ |title=Soilwater Conductivity Analysis to Date and Locate Clandestine Graves of Homicide Victims |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1052–1061 |journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences|s2cid=12082791 |url=http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2166/7/cassella.pdf }}</ref> could also reveal the time of death.