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Primate
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==Classification of living primates== Order Primates was established by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his book ''[[Systema Naturae]]'',<ref>{{cite book | author = Linnaeus, C. | year = 1758 | title = Sistema naturae per regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonimis locis. Tomus I | publisher = Impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmia | pages = 20–32}}</ref> for the genera ''[[Homo]]'' (humans), ''[[Simia]]'' (other apes and monkeys), ''[[Lemur (genus)|Lemur]]'' (prosimians) and ''[[Vespertilio]]'' (bats). In the first edition of the same book (1735), he had used the name [[Anthropomorpha]] for ''Homo'', ''Simia'' and ''[[Bradypus]]'' (sloths).<ref>{{cite book | author = Linnaeus, C. | year = 1735 | title = Sistema naturae sive regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species| publisher = apud Theodorum Haak, Lugduni Batavorum | pages = s.p}}</ref> In 1839, [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]], following Linnaeus and aping his nomenclature, established the orders [[Secundates]] (including the suborders [[Bat|Chiroptera]], [[Insectivora]] and [[Carnivora]]), [[Tertiates]] (or [[Glires]]) and [[Quaternates]] (including [[Gravigrada]], [[Pachydermata]] and [[Ruminantia]]),<ref>{{cite book | author = Blainville, H. | year = 1839 | chapter = Nouvelle classification des Mammifères | title = Annales Françaises et Etrangères d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Appliquées à la Médicine et à l'Histoire Naturelle, 3| pages = 268–269}}</ref> but these new taxa were not accepted. Before Anderson and Jones introduced the classification of Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini in 1984,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Thorington, R. W. |author2=Anderson, S. |name-list-style=amp |year=1984 |chapter=Primates |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ordersfamiliesof0000unse/page/187 187–217] |editor=Anderson, S. |editor2=Jones, J. K. |title=Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-08493-8 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ordersfamiliesof0000unse/page/187 }}</ref> (followed by McKenna and Bell's 1997 work [[Mammal classification#McKenna/Bell classification|''Classification of Mammals: Above the species level'']]),<ref>{{cite book|author1=McKenna, M. C. |author2=Bell, S. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Classification of Mammals: Above the species level |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |pages=631 |isbn=0-231-11013-8}}</ref> Primates was divided into two superfamilies: [[Prosimii]] and [[Anthropoidea]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Primate Behavioral Ecology|edition=Third|author=Strier, K.|author-link=Karen B. Strier|year=2007|isbn=978-0-205-44432-8 |pages=50–53|publisher=Pearson Allyn and Bacon }}</ref> Prosimii included all of the [[prosimian]]s: Strepsirrhini plus the [[tarsier]]s. Anthropoidea contained all of the [[simian]]s. The [[cladogram]] below shows one possible classification sequence of the living primates:<ref name=Cartmill2011>{{cite book | last1 = Cartmill | first1 = M. | last2 = Smith | first2 = F. H. | title = The Human Lineage | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-118-21145-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X058kYnhxC0C&pg=PA90}}</ref><ref name="PT"/> groups that use common (traditional) names are shown on the right. {{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%;|labelwidth=6 |size=9<!--barlabel template doesn't really work with the added images; this value seems best--> |at1=-3.5|color1=purple|label1=prosimians |at2=1.3|color2=crimson|label2=monkeys |at3=4.5|color3=darkgreen|label3=lesser apes |at4=12|color4=green|label4=great apes |cladogram= {{Clade |label1=[[Primatomorpha]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Dermoptera]][[File:Cynocephalus volans Brehm1883 (white background).jpg|50 px]] |label2='''Primates''' |2={{Clade |label1=[[Strepsirrhini]] |1={{Clade |label1=[[Lemuriformes]]{{efn|name=Lemuriformes|Although the [[Monophyly|monophyletic relationship]] between lemurs and lorisoids is widely accepted, their clade name is not. The term "lemuriform" is used here because it derives from one popular taxonomy that clumps the [[clade]] of toothcombed primates into one [[Taxonomic rank|infraorder]] and the extinct, non-toothcombed [[Adapiformes|adapiforms]] into another, both within the [[Taxonomic rank|suborder]] Strepsirrhini.{{Sfn|Szalay|Delson|1980|p=149}}{{Sfn|Cartmill|2010|p=15}} However, another popular alternative taxonomy places the [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]] in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes.{{Sfn|Hartwig|2011|pp=20–21}}}} |1={{Clade |1=[[lemur]]s (superfamily Lemuroidea)[[File:FMIB 46849 Primates Maki Moccoe Lemur catta (white background).jpeg|35 px]]|barbegin1=purple |2=[[Lorisoidea|lorises and allies]] (superfamily Lorisoidea)[[File:Nycticebus (white background).jpg|25 px]]|bar2=purple }} }} |label2=[[Haplorhini]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Tarsiiformes]] |1=[[tarsier]]s (superfamily Tarsioidea)[[File:Säugethiere vom Celebes- und Philippinen-Archipel (Taf. III) (white background) (1).jpg|25 px]]|barend1=purple |label2=[[Simiiformes]] |2={{Clade |1=[[New World monkey]]s (parvorder Platyrrhini)[[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 8) (white background).jpg|50 px]]|barbegin1=crimson |label2=[[Catarrhini]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Old World monkey]]s (superfamily Cercopithecoidea)[[File:Cynocephalus doguera - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).tiff|60 px]]|barend1=crimson |label2=[[Hominoidea]] |2={{Clade |1=[[gibbon]]s (family Hylobatidae)[[File:Le gibbon (white background).jpg|50 px]]|barbegin1=green|barend1=green |label2=[[Hominidae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[orangutan]]s (subfamily Ponginae)[[File:Simia satyrus - 1837 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - White Background.jpg|60 px]]|barbegin1=darkgreen |label2=[[Homininae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[gorilla]]s (tribe Gorillini)[[File:Gorila de llanura occidental. Gorilla gorilla - Blanca Martí de Ahumada (white background).jpg|60 px]]|bar1=darkgreen |label2=[[Hominini]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Homo|human]]s (g. ''Homo'')[[File:Silhouette of a woman walking.svg|60 px]]|bar1=darkgreen |2=[[Pan (genus)|chimpanzees, bonobo]]s (g. ''Pan'')[[File:PanTroglodytesSmit (white background).jpg|50 px]]|barend2=darkgreen }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
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