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===Gender politics=== Throughout many decades, the public and private sphere have incorporated traditional [[Gender role|gender roles]]. Women were mostly kept to the private sphere by staying at home, taking care of their children and attending to house chores. They were not able to participate in the [[public sphere]], which was dominated by men. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Kathryn R.|date=1995|title=Of Needles and Pens and Women's Work|journal=Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature|volume=14|issue=1|pages=77–93|doi=10.2307/464249|jstor=464249|issn=0732-7730}}</ref> The private sphere was long regarded as women's "proper place" whereas men were supposed to inhabit the public sphere.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vickery|first1=Amanda|year=1993|title=Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women's history|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BAD618F258B35B87F7D198F8ED74B1A7/S0018246X93000019a.pdf/golden_age_to_separate_spheres_a_review_of_the_categories_and_chronology_of_english_womens_history.pdf|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=36|issue=2|pages=383–414|doi=10.1017/S0018246X9300001X|s2cid=53508408 |author-link1=Amanda Vickery}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tétreault|first1=Mary Ann|year=2001|title=Frontier Politics: Sex, Gender, and the Deconstruction of the Public Sphere|journal=[[Alternatives: Global, Local, Political]]|volume=26|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1177/030437540102600103|s2cid=141033858}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=May|first1=Ann Mari|title=The 'woman question' and higher education: perspectives on gender and knowledge production in America|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84720-401-1|location=Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA|page=39|chapter=Gender, biology, and the incontrovertible logic of choice|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhr12MIJ1fkC&pg=PA39}}</ref> Although feminist researchers such as [[V. Spike Peterson]] have discovered roots of the exclusion of women from the public sphere in ancient Athenian times,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peterson|first=V. Spike|date=2014-07-03|title=Sex Matters|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=389–409|doi=10.1080/14616742.2014.913384|s2cid=147633811|issn=1461-6742}}</ref> a distinct ideology that prescribed [[separate spheres]] for women and men emerged during the [[Industrial Revolution]] because of the severance of the workplace from places of residence that occurred with the build up of urban centres of work.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Christopher|title=Encyclopedia of feminist literary theory|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-99802-4|editor1-last=Kowaleski-Wallace|editor1-first=Elizabeth|location=London, New York|page=519|chapter=Separate Spheres|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blI0_52wIwYC&pg=PA519}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Michele|title=The concise encyclopedia of sociology|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-8353-6|editor1-last=Ritzer|editor1-first=George|location=Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.; Malden, MA|pages=156–57|chapter=Divisions of household labor|editor2-last=Ryan|editor2-first=J. Michael|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&pg=PA156}}</ref> Even [[writing]] was traditionally considered forbidden, as "In the anxious comments provoked by the 'female pen' it [was] easy enough to detect fear of the writing woman as a kind of castrating female whose grasp upon that instrument seems an arrogation of its generative power".<ref name=":0" /> Feminists have challenged the ascription in a number of (not always commensurate) ways. In the first place, the slogan "the personal is political" attempted to open up the 'private' sphere of home and child-rearing to public scrutiny as well as call to attention how the exclusion of women from the public sphere makes the private sphere political.<ref>J. Childers/G. Hentzi ed., ''The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism'' (1995) p. 252</ref> At the same time, there was a new valorisation of the personal – of [[experiential knowledge]] and the world of the body – as against the (traditional) male preserves of public speech and theory.<ref>Mary Eagleton ed., ''Feminist Literary Criticism'' (1991) p. 6</ref> All the while, due to the activism of feminists, the public sphere of work, business, politics and ideas were increasingly opened up to female participation.<ref>Susan Faludi, ''Stiffed'' (1999) pp. 9, 35</ref>
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